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Energy audit for sustainable wetland paddy cultivation in Malaysia

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  • Muazu, A.
  • Yahya, A.
  • Ishak, W.I.W.
  • Khairunniza-Bejo, S.

Abstract

An on-the-farm evaluation of energy inputs and output in 40 farms was conducted to determine the distributions of six main energy sources (i.e. human, fuel, machinery, seeds, fertilizer and pesticides) used in wetland paddy cultivation in Malaysia. The average paddy yield was found to be 7625 kg/ha with total energy input of 16,440 MJ/ha, energy output/input ratio of 7.76 and energy intensity of 2.16 MJ/kg. Compared to energy intensities for the production of rice in China, India and Thailand of 3.91, 3.50 and 4.44 MJ/kg respectively, paddy farmers in Malaysia used the least energy per unit of paddy produced. Almost 84% of the total energy input used in the cultivation was from fossil-based non-renewable resources, of which fertilizer, fuel, pesticides and machinery accounted for 60, 17, 4 and 3% respectively. The share contributions from seed, human labor and organic fertilizer which constituted the renewable resources were 15, 0.25 and 0.22% respectively. The benefit-cost ratio and total cost of production were 1.37 and RM6, 657/ha respectively. The fitted regression model revealed a direct relationship of yield with fuel, machinery, fertilizer, pesticides and seed energy expenditures and an inverse relationship of yield with the human energy expenditure.

Suggested Citation

  • Muazu, A. & Yahya, A. & Ishak, W.I.W. & Khairunniza-Bejo, S., 2015. "Energy audit for sustainable wetland paddy cultivation in Malaysia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 182-191.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:87:y:2015:i:c:p:182-191
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.04.066
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    2. Elsoragaby, Suha & Yahya, Azmi & Mahadi, Muhammad Razif & Nawi, Nazmi Mat & Mairghany, Modather, 2019. "Analysis of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of transplanting and broadcast seeding wetland rice cultivation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    3. Taheri-Rad, Alireza & Khojastehpour, Mehdi & Rohani, Abbas & Khoramdel, Surur & Nikkhah, Amin, 2017. "Energy flow modeling and predicting the yield of Iranian paddy cultivars using artificial neural networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 405-412.
    4. Yang, Zhiyuan & Zhu, Yuemei & Zhang, Xiaoli & Liao, Qin & Fu, Hao & Cheng, Qingyue & Chen, Zongkui & Sun, Yongjian & Ma, Jun & Zhang, Jinyue & Li, Liangyu & Li, Na, 2023. "Unmanned aerial vehicle direct seeding or integrated mechanical transplanting, which will be the next step for mechanized rice production in China? —A comparison based on energy use efficiency and eco," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    5. Nadia Adnan & Shahrina Md Nordin, 2021. "How COVID 19 effect Malaysian paddy industry? Adoption of green fertilizer a potential resolution," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(6), pages 8089-8129, June.
    6. Yang, Zhiyuan & Zhu, Yuemei & Zhang, Jinyue & Li, Xuyi & Ma, Peng & Sun, Jiawei & Sun, Yongjian & Ma, Jun & Li, Na, 2022. "Comparison of energy use between fully mechanized and semi-mechanized rice production in Southwest China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    7. Singh, Pritpal & Singh, Gurdeep & Sodhi, G.P.S., 2019. "Energy auditing and optimization approach for improving energy efficiency of rice cultivation in south-western Punjab, India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 269-279.

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