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Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic in Rice in Brazil: A Human Health Risk Assessment

Author

Listed:
  • Michele C. Toledo

    (School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil)

  • Janice S. Lee

    (United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA)

  • Bruno L. Batista

    (Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of the ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil)

  • Kelly P. K. Olympio

    (School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil)

  • Adelaide C. Nardocci

    (School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil)

Abstract

In certain populations, rice is the main source of exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), which is associated with cancer and non-cancer effects. Although rice is a staple food in Brazil, there have been few studies about the health risks for the Brazilian population. The objective of this study was to assess the risks of exposure to iAs from white rice and brown rice in Brazil, in terms of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects, and to propose measures to mitigate those risks. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated in a probabilistic framework. The mean ILCR was 1.5 × 10 −4 for white rice and 6.0 × 10 −6 for brown rice. The HQ for white and brown rice was under 1. The ILCR for white and brown rice was high, even though the iAs concentration in rice is below the maximum contaminant level. The risk for brown rice consumption was lower, which was not expected. Various mitigation measures discussed in this report are estimated to reduce the risk from rice consumption by 5–67%. With the support of public policies, measures to reduce these risks for the Brazilian population would have a positive impact on public health.

Suggested Citation

  • Michele C. Toledo & Janice S. Lee & Bruno L. Batista & Kelly P. K. Olympio & Adelaide C. Nardocci, 2022. "Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic in Rice in Brazil: A Human Health Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-18, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:24:p:16460-:d:997119
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tomoyuki Shibata & Can Meng & Josephine Umoren & Heidi West, 2016. "Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-10, March.
    2. Isabelle Nogueira Leroux & Ana Paula Sacone da Silva Ferreira & Fernanda Pollo Paniz & Tatiana Pedron & Fernanda Junqueira Salles & Fábio Ferreira Da Silva & Heloisa França Maltez & Bruno Lemos Batist, 2018. "Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic Bioaccessibility of 24 h Duplicate Diet Ingested by Preschool Children Attending Day Care Centers in Brazil," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-10, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Rahul Beniwal & Radheshyam Yadav & Wusirika Ramakrishna, 2023. "Multifarious Effects of Arsenic on Plants and Strategies for Mitigation," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-15, February.
    2. Michele C. Toledo & Janice S. Lee & Bruno Lemos Batista & Kelly P. K. Olympio & Adelaide C. Nardocci, 2024. "Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(4), pages 1-17, March.

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