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Anthropogenic Land Use and Land Cover Change as Potential Drivers of Sediment Sources in the Upper Crocodile River, North West Province, South Africa

Author

Listed:
  • Samuel Che Nde

    (Unit of Environmental Science and Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mahikeng Campus), Mmabatho 2735, South Africa)

  • Sammy Kipyego Bett

    (Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, North-West University (Mahikeng Campus), Mmabatho 2735, South Africa)

  • Manny Mathuthu

    (Centre for Applied Radiation Science and Technology, North-West University (Mahikeng Campus), Mmabatho 2735, South Africa)

  • Lobina Palamuleni

    (Unit of Environmental Science and Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mahikeng Campus), Mmabatho 2735, South Africa)

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the accelerating pace of anthropogenic land use and land cover change (LULCC) disturbance, which has generated enormous impacts on the Crocodile River. Spot images from 1996, 2009 and 2022 were used to generate the land use maps and quantify the changes. A supervised classification with the maximum likelihood classifier was used to classify the images. Sediment sources were classified into two sources, revealed by erosional characteristics in the catchment. A gamma spectrometry detector, high-purity germanium (HPGe) “Well” detector by Canberra and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) were used for the analysis of the samples. The results revealed that from 1996–2022, built-up areas, bare land and water bodies increased by 3.48%, 2.47% and 1.90%, respectively. All the LULCC classes increased annually from 1996–2022, except for grassland, which shrunk. The results of the radionuclides analysis showed that 210 Pb ex was found to be a more effective tracer than 137 Cs. The mass balance model revealed that subsurface sources contributed 60%, while surface sources contributed 40%, of the sediment load in the river. This research provides valuable information necessary for integrated catchment management policies for future LULCC and soil erosion to be adopted.

Suggested Citation

  • Samuel Che Nde & Sammy Kipyego Bett & Manny Mathuthu & Lobina Palamuleni, 2022. "Anthropogenic Land Use and Land Cover Change as Potential Drivers of Sediment Sources in the Upper Crocodile River, North West Province, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-19, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:20:p:13313-:d:943358
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mekonnen H. Daba & Songcai You, 2022. "Quantitatively Assessing the Future Land-Use/Land-Cover Changes and Their Driving Factors in the Upper Stream of the Awash River Based on the CA–Markov Model and Their Implications for Water Resources," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-29, January.
    2. Samuel Che Nde & Manny Mathuthu, 2018. "Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements as Non-Point Sources of Contamination in the Upper Crocodile Catchment Area, North-West Province, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-12, March.
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