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Impact of Socioeconomic Deprivation on the Local Spread of COVID-19 Cases Mediated by the Effect of Seasons and Restrictive Public Health Measures: A Retrospective Observational Study in Apulia Region, Italy

Author

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  • Nicola Bartolomeo

    (Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy)

  • Massimo Giotta

    (Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy)

  • Silvio Tafuri

    (Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy)

  • Paolo Trerotoli

    (Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the spatiotemporal association between socioeconomic deprivation and the incidence of COVID-19 and how this association changes through the seasons due to the existence of restrictive public health measures. A retrospective observational study was conducted among COVID-19 cases that occurred in the Apulia region from 29 February 2020 to 31 December 2021, dividing the period into four phases with different levels of restrictions. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was applied to test the independent effect of deprivation on the incidence of COVID-19, taking into account age, sex, and regional incidence as possible confounding effects and covariates, such as season and levels of restrictions, as possible modifying effects. The highest incidence was in areas with a very high deprivation index (DI) in winter. During total lockdown, no rate ratio between areas with different levels of DI was significant, while during soft lockdown, areas with very high DI were more at risk than all other areas. The effects of social inequalities on the incidence of COVID-19 changed in association with the seasons and restrictions on public health. Disadvantaged areas showed a higher incidence of COVID-19 in the cold seasons and in the phases of soft lockdown.

Suggested Citation

  • Nicola Bartolomeo & Massimo Giotta & Silvio Tafuri & Paolo Trerotoli, 2022. "Impact of Socioeconomic Deprivation on the Local Spread of COVID-19 Cases Mediated by the Effect of Seasons and Restrictive Public Health Measures: A Retrospective Observational Study in Apulia Region," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-16, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:18:p:11410-:d:911848
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Veruscka Leso & Luca Fontana & Ivo Iavicoli, 2021. "Susceptibility to Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Occupational Settings: The Complex Interplay between Individual and Workplace Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-16, January.
    2. Douglas Bonett & Thomas Wright, 2000. "Sample size requirements for estimating pearson, kendall and spearman correlations," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 65(1), pages 23-28, March.
    3. Nicola Bartolomeo & Massimo Giotta & Paolo Trerotoli, 2021. "In-Hospital Mortality in Non-COVID-19-Related Diseases before and during the Pandemic: A Regional Retrospective Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-13, October.
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    1. Francesco Addabbo & Massimo Giotta & Antonia Mincuzzi & Aldo Sante Minerba & Rosa Prato & Francesca Fortunato & Nicola Bartolomeo & Paolo Trerotoli, 2023. "No Excess of Mortality from Lung Cancer during the COVID-19 Pandemic in an Area at Environmental Risk: Results of an Explorative Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(8), pages 1-16, April.

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