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Intention for Warm-Up among Children and Adolescents Scale: Development and Initial Validation

Author

Listed:
  • Liyi Ding

    (Physical Education College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China)

  • Judy L. Van Raalte

    (Department of Psychology, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA
    College of Health Sciences, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China)

  • Marcia Mackey

    (Department of Physical Education & Sport, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA)

  • Britton W. Brewer

    (Department of Psychology, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA)

  • Min Jin

    (Feng Xian Institute of Education, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201499, China)

  • Minming Chu

    (Physical Education College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China)

  • Lijun Weng

    (Physical Education College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China)

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Intention for Warm-up among Children and Adolescents Scale (IWCAS). There were four phases and four sets of participants in the development of the IWCAS. In the first phase, the domains of intention were defined, and related components were developed, organized, and validated. In the second phase, 446 elementary and middle school students participated in a pilot study for the first version of the scale, which was revised based on the information obtained. In the third phase, 12 graduates in sports pedagogy served on an expert panel and organized the items into domain areas and developed a second version of the IWCAS. In the final phase, 1322 elementary and middle school students from three k-12 schools completed the revised version of the IWCAS, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. Based on the results, the IWCAS was shortened by deleting some items in two domains; this resulted in 11 items of the final version with 3 domains: (1) attitude toward warm-up, (2) subjective norm, and (3) perceived behavioral control that, according to the indices, generate reliable and structurally valid scores. The composite internal consistency for the three domains ranged from 0.74 to 0.85. The researchers hypothesized the IWCAS is a valid and reliable scale, which can be used by P.E. teachers or coaches to evaluate the intention of primary and secondary school students to perform warm-ups.

Suggested Citation

  • Liyi Ding & Judy L. Van Raalte & Marcia Mackey & Britton W. Brewer & Min Jin & Minming Chu & Lijun Weng, 2022. "Intention for Warm-Up among Children and Adolescents Scale: Development and Initial Validation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-13, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:17:p:11033-:d:905911
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ajzen, Icek, 1991. "The theory of planned behavior," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 179-211, December.
    2. Liyi Ding & Britton W. Brewer & Marcia Mackey & Hao Cai & Jianqiang Zhang & Yudong Song & Qunhui Cai, 2022. "Factors Associated with School Sports Injury among Elementary and Middle School Students in Shanghai, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-11, May.
    3. Liyi Ding & Jianfeng Luo & Daniel M. Smith & Marcia Mackey & Haiqing Fu & Matthew Davis & Yanping Hu, 2022. "Effectiveness of Warm-Up Intervention Programs to Prevent Sports Injuries among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-17, May.
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