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The Relationship between the Color of Electronic Protectors and the Outcome in Taekwondo Matches: Is There Fairness in National Competitions?

Author

Listed:
  • Gennaro Apollaro

    (Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy)

  • Pedro Vieira Sarmet Moreira

    (Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-592, Brazil
    Tech4Fight Sports Technology, Rio de Janeiro 21941-850, Brazil)

  • Yarisel Quiñones Rodríguez

    (Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain)

  • Verónica Morales-Sánchez

    (Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain)

  • Coral Falcó

    (Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5020 Bergen, Norway)

Abstract

Although research on the effect of color in taekwondo has involved several international competitions, no previous study has investigated the presence of this phenomenon in national-level competitions. The main objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between the color protectors and success in 1155 taekwondo matches of the Italian and Uzbekistan Senior Championships (ITA-SC and UZB-SC) (2019 and 2021). The results showed no relationship between the color protectors and the match outcome, in both ITA-SC and UZB-SC ( p = 0.71, V = 0.01; p = 0.61, V = 0.02). Moreover, no relationship emerged between the color protectors and the match outcome in the four editions of the SC. Stratifying analyses by weight category and sex, males showed positive relationships between the color blue/red and winning the match in 3 and 1 of 16 weight categories, respectively. Contrary, females showed positive relationships between the color blue/red and winning the match in 1 and 3 of 16 weight categories, respectively. Analyzing the two national contexts found that, in both the Italian and Uzbek contexts, matches in 2 and 2 of 16 weight categories were won by athletes wearing blue and red protectors, respectively. Significant relationships emerged between the color blue and winning the match with small asymmetry in the men’s UZB-SC and between the color red and winning the match with large asymmetry in the female ITA-SC. The implementation of the electronic point recording system for the body and head has had a positive impact on fairness in national taekwondo competitions, did not detect any effect of color related to cultural context, and did not allow for the color red to tip the scales between losing and winning in matches between athletes of similar ability and strength.

Suggested Citation

  • Gennaro Apollaro & Pedro Vieira Sarmet Moreira & Yarisel Quiñones Rodríguez & Verónica Morales-Sánchez & Coral Falcó, 2022. "The Relationship between the Color of Electronic Protectors and the Outcome in Taekwondo Matches: Is There Fairness in National Competitions?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-14, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:12:p:7243-:d:837794
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Russell A. Hill & Robert A. Barton, 2005. "Red enhances human performance in contests," Nature, Nature, vol. 435(7040), pages 293-293, May.
    2. Candy Rowe & Julie M. Harris & S. Craig Roberts, 2005. "Seeing red? Putting sportswear in context," Nature, Nature, vol. 437(7063), pages 10-10, October.
    3. Merce Barrientos & Miguel A. Saavedra-García & Rafael Arriaza-Loureda & Cristina Menescardi & Juan J. Fernández-Romero, 2021. "An Updated Technical–Tactical Categorisation in Taekwondo: From General Tactical Objectives to Combat Situations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-18, September.
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