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Geochemical Modeling Source Provenance, Public Health Exposure, and Evaluating Potentially Harmful Elements in Groundwater: Statistical and Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA)

Author

Listed:
  • Abdur Rashid

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
    National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Ayub

    (Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan)

  • Zahid Ullah

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China)

  • Asmat Ali

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China)

  • Seema Anjum Khattak

    (National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan)

  • Liaqat Ali

    (National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan)

  • Xubo Gao

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China)

  • Chengcheng Li

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China)

  • Sardar Khan

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan)

  • Hamed A. El-Serehy

    (Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Prashant Kaushik

    (Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain)

Abstract

Groundwater contamination by potentially harmful elements (PHEs) originating from the weathering of granitic and gneissic rock dissolution poses a public health concern worldwide. This study investigated physicochemical variables and PHEs in the groundwater system and mine water of the Adenzai flood plain region, in Pakistan, emphasizing the fate distribution, source provenance, chemical speciation, and health hazard using the human health risk assessment HHRA-model. The average concentrations of the PHEs, viz., Ni, Mn, Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb, Co, Fe, and Zn 0.23, were 0.27, 0.07, 0.30, 0.07, 0.06, 0.08, 0.68, and 0.23 mg/L, respectively. The average values of chemical species in the groundwater system, viz., H + , OH − , Ni 2+ , Mn 2+ , Mn 3+ , Cr 3+ , Cr 6+ , Cu + , Cu 2+ , Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , Pb 4+ , Co 2+ , Co 3+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , and Zn 2+ , were 1.0 × 10 −4 ± 1.0 × 10 −6 , 1.0 × 10 −4 ± 9.0 × 10 −7 , 2.0 × 10 −1 ± 1.0 × 10 −3 , 3.0 × 10 −1 ± 1.0 × 10 −3 , 1.0 × 10 −22 ± 1.0 × 10 −23 , 4.0 × 10 −6 ± 2.0 × 10 −6 , 4.0 × 10 −11 ± 2.0 × 10 −11 , 9.0 × 10 −3 ± 1.0 × 10 −2 , 2.0 × 10 −1 ± 2.0 × 10 −3 , 7.0 × 10 −2 ± 6.0 × 10 −2 , 5.0 × 10 −2 ± 5.0 × 10 −2 , 2.0 × 10 −2 ± 1.5 × 10 −2 , 6.0 × 10 −2 ± 4.0 × 10 −2 , 8.0 × 10 −31 ± 6.0 × 10 −31 , 3.0 × 10 −1 ± 2.0 × 10 −4 , 4.0 × 10 −10 ± 3.0 × 10 −10 , and 2.0 × 10 −1 ± 1.0 × 10 −1 . The mineral compositions of PHEs, viz. Ni, were bunsenite, Ni(OH) 2 , and trevorite; Mn viz., birnessite, bixbyite, hausmannite, manganite, manganosite, pyrolusite, and todorokite; Cr viz., chromite and eskolaite; Cu viz., CuCr 2 O 4 , cuprite, delafossite, ferrite-Cu, and tenorite; Cd viz., monteponite; Pb viz, crocoite, litharge, massicot, minium, plattnerite, Co viz., spinel-Co; Fe viz., goethite, hematite, magnetite, wustite, and ferrite-Zn; and Zn viz., zincite, and ZnCr 2 O 4 demarcated undersaturation and supersaturation. However, EC, Ca 2+ , K + , Na + , HCO 3 − , Cr, Cd, Pb, Co, and Fe had exceeded the WHO guideline. The Nemerow’s pollution index (NPI) showed that EC, Ca 2+ , K + , Na + , HCO 3 − , Mn, Cd, Pb, Co, and Fe had worse water quality. Principal component analysis multilinear regression (PCAMLR) and cluster analysis (CA) revealed that 75% of the groundwater contamination originated from geogenic inputs and 18% mixed geogenic-anthropogenic and 7% anthropogenic sources. The HHRA-model suggested potential non-carcinogenic risks, except for Fe, and substantial carcinogenic risks for evaluated PHEs. The women and infants are extremely exposed to PHEs hazards. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks in children, males, and females had exceeded their desired level. The HHRA values of PHEs exhibited the following increasing pattern: Co > Cu > Mn > Zn > Fe, and Cd > Pb > Ni > Cr. The higher THI values of PHEs in children and adults suggested that the groundwater consumption in the entire region is unfit for drinking, domestic, and agricultural purposes. Thus, all groundwater sources need immediate remedial measures to secure health safety and public health concerns.

Suggested Citation

  • Abdur Rashid & Muhammad Ayub & Zahid Ullah & Asmat Ali & Seema Anjum Khattak & Liaqat Ali & Xubo Gao & Chengcheng Li & Sardar Khan & Hamed A. El-Serehy & Prashant Kaushik, 2022. "Geochemical Modeling Source Provenance, Public Health Exposure, and Evaluating Potentially Harmful Elements in Groundwater: Statistical and Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-28, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:11:p:6472-:d:824655
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Józef Ober & Janusz Karwot & Serhii Rusakov, 2022. "Tap Water Quality and Habits of Its Use: A Comparative Analysis in Poland and Ukraine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-29, January.
    2. Fei Li & Zhenzhen Qiu & Jingdong Zhang & Wenchu Liu & Chaoyang Liu & Guangming Zeng, 2017. "Investigation, Pollution Mapping and Simulative Leakage Health Risk Assessment for Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Groundwater from a Typical Brownfield, Middle China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-17, July.
    3. Seema Anjum Khattak & Abdur Rashid & Muhammad Tariq & Liaqat Ali & Xubo Gao & Muhammad Ayub & Asif Javed, 2021. "Potential risk and source distribution of groundwater contamination by mercury in district Swabi, Pakistan: Application of multivariate study," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(2), pages 2279-2297, February.
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    1. Abdur Rashid & Muhammad Ayub & Zahid Ullah & Asmat Ali & Tariq Sardar & Javed Iqbal & Xubo Gao & Jochen Bundschuh & Chengcheng Li & Seema Anjum Khattak & Liaqat Ali & Hamed A. El-Serehy & Prashant Kau, 2023. "Groundwater Quality, Health Risk Assessment, and Source Distribution of Heavy Metals Contamination around Chromite Mines: Application of GIS, Sustainable Groundwater Management, Geostatistics, PCAMLR,," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-32, January.
    2. Zahid Ullah & Yifan Xu & Xian-Chun Zeng & Abdur Rashid & Asmat Ali & Javed Iqbal & Mikhlid H. Almutairi & Lotfi Aleya & Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim & Muddaser Shah, 2022. "Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Evaluation of Elevated Fluoride in Groundwater and Its Suitability Assessment for Drinking Purposes Based on Water Quality Index," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-17, July.

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