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Potential risk and source distribution of groundwater contamination by mercury in district Swabi, Pakistan: Application of multivariate study

Author

Listed:
  • Seema Anjum Khattak

    (University of Peshawar)

  • Abdur Rashid

    (China University of Geosciences
    Quaid-i-Azam University)

  • Muhammad Tariq

    (University of Peshawar)

  • Liaqat Ali

    (University of Peshawar)

  • Xubo Gao

    (China University of Geosciences)

  • Muhammad Ayub

    (Hazara University)

  • Asif Javed

    (Bahria University Islamabad)

Abstract

This study identified mercury (Hg) concentration in groundwater of District Swabi, Pakistan. The objective of the study was to find geochemistry, health risk and source distribution pattern. Therefore, groundwater (n = 38) were collected from three hydrological environments, viz. shallower (10–20) m, middle depth (25–45) m and deeper depth (50–90) m aquifers. The water samples were tested for Hg, and results showed in the form of lowest concentration (0.16 µg/L) and highest concentration (2.0 µg/L) were recorded in deeper and shallower aquifers. Thus, shallower aquifer has been more contaminated than deeper aquifer. Most groundwater samples (68.4%) exceeded the guidelines of Hg (1.0 µg/L) recommended by WHO. The results of Hg exceeded WHO recommended level of 1.0 µg/L. Similarly, the PLI and GRQ also showed moderate pollution of Hg in the groundwater samples. The study showed that the inhabitants of the area may be exposed to several health problems. The GRQ technique revealed that the drinking groundwater sources with relatively high concentration of Hg are extremely unfit for drinking purposes.

Suggested Citation

  • Seema Anjum Khattak & Abdur Rashid & Muhammad Tariq & Liaqat Ali & Xubo Gao & Muhammad Ayub & Asif Javed, 2021. "Potential risk and source distribution of groundwater contamination by mercury in district Swabi, Pakistan: Application of multivariate study," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(2), pages 2279-2297, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:23:y:2021:i:2:d:10.1007_s10668-020-00674-5
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-020-00674-5
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. M. Ghaffar Chaudhry, 1982. "Green Revolution and Redistribution of Rural Incomes. Pakistan's Experience," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 21(3), pages 173-205.
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    Cited by:

    1. Abdur Rashid & Muhammad Ayub & Zahid Ullah & Asmat Ali & Seema Anjum Khattak & Liaqat Ali & Xubo Gao & Chengcheng Li & Sardar Khan & Hamed A. El-Serehy & Prashant Kaushik, 2022. "Geochemical Modeling Source Provenance, Public Health Exposure, and Evaluating Potentially Harmful Elements in Groundwater: Statistical and Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-28, May.

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