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Approaches to Nutritional Screening in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Author

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  • Amira Mohammed Ali

    (National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, Tokyo 187-0031, Japan
    Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21527, Egypt)

  • Hiroshi Kunugi

    (National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, Tokyo 187-0031, Japan
    Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan)

Abstract

Malnutrition is common among severe patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), mainly elderly adults and patients with comorbidities. It is also associated with atypical presentation of the disease. Despite the possible contribution of malnutrition to the acquisition and severity of COVID-19, it is not clear which nutritional screening measures may best diagnose malnutrition in these patients at early stages. This is of crucial importance given the urgency and rapid progression of the disease in vulnerable groups. Accordingly, this review examines the available literature for different nutritional screening approaches implemented among COVID-19 patients, with a special focus on elderly adults. After a literature search, we selected and scrutinized 14 studies assessing malnutrition among COVID-19 patients. The Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) has demonstrated superior sensitivity to other traditional screening measures. The controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score, which comprises serum albumin level, cholesterol level, and lymphocytes count, as well as a combined CONUT-lactate dehydrogenase-C-reactive protein score expressed a predictive capacity even superior to that of NRS-2002 (0.81% and 0.92% vs. 0.79%) in midlife and elder COVID-19 patients. Therefore, simple measures based on routinely conducted laboratory investigations such as the CONUT score may be timely, cheap, and valuable alternatives for identifying COVID-19 patients with high nutritional risk. Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) was the only measure used to detect residual malnutrition and high malnutrition risk in remitting patients—MNA scores correlated with hypoalbuminemia, hypercytokinemia, and weight loss. Older males with severe inflammation, gastrointestinal symptoms, and pre-existing comorbidities (diabetes, obesity, or hypertension) are more prone to malnutrition and subsequently poor COVID-19 prognosis both during the acute phase and during convalescence. Thus, they are in need of frequent nutritional monitoring and support while detecting and treating malnutrition in the general public might be necessary to increase resilience against COVID-19.

Suggested Citation

  • Amira Mohammed Ali & Hiroshi Kunugi, 2021. "Approaches to Nutritional Screening in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-15, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:5:p:2772-:d:513620
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Amira Mohammed Ali & Afaf Hassan Ahmed & Linda Smail, 2020. "Psychological Climacteric Symptoms and Attitudes toward Menopause among Emirati Women," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-19, July.
    2. Yuta Suzuki & Noriaki Maeda & Daigo Hirado & Taizan Shirakawa & Yukio Urabe, 2020. "Physical Activity Changes and Its Risk Factors among Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults during the COVID-19 Epidemic: Associations with Subjective Well-Being and Health-Related Quality of Life," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-12, September.
    3. Amira Mohammed Ali & Hiroshi Kunugi, 2020. "Intermittent Fasting, Dietary Modifications, and Exercise for the Control of Gestational Diabetes and Maternal Mood Dysregulation: A Review and a Case Report," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-23, December.
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