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Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 in a European Urban Area: Two Waves, Two Patterns

Author

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  • Marc Marí-Dell’Olmo

    (Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
    CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, 28029 Madrid, Spain
    Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Mercè Gotsens

    (Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
    Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain)

  • M Isabel Pasarín

    (Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
    CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, 28029 Madrid, Spain
    Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
    Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Maica Rodríguez-Sanz

    (Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
    CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, 28029 Madrid, Spain
    Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
    Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Lucía Artazcoz

    (Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
    CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, 28029 Madrid, Spain
    Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
    Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Patricia Garcia de Olalla

    (Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
    CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, 28029 Madrid, Spain
    Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
    Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Cristina Rius

    (Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
    CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, 28029 Madrid, Spain
    Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
    Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, Gynecology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Carme Borrell

    (Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
    CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, 28029 Madrid, Spain
    Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
    Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain)

Abstract

Background : The objective of this paper is to analyze social inequalities in COVID-19 incidence, stratified by age, sex, geographical area, and income in Barcelona during the first two waves of the pandemic. Methods : We collected data on COVID-19 cases confirmed by laboratory tests during the first two waves of the pandemic (1 March to 15 July and 16 July to 30 November, 2020) in Barcelona. For each wave and sex, we calculated smooth cumulative incidence by census tract using a hierarchical Bayesian model. We analyzed income inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19, categorizing the census tracts into quintiles based on the income indicator. Results : During the two waves, women showed higher COVID-19 cumulative incidence under 64 years, while the trend was reversed after that threshold. The incidence of the disease was higher in some poor neighborhoods. The risk ratio (RR) increased in the poorest groups compared to the richest ones, mainly in the second wave, with RR being 1.67 (95% Credible Interval-CI-: 1.41–1.96) in the fifth quintile income group for men and 1.71 (95% CI: 1.44–1.99) for women. Conclusion : Our results indicate the existence of inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19 in an urban area of Southern Europe.

Suggested Citation

  • Marc Marí-Dell’Olmo & Mercè Gotsens & M Isabel Pasarín & Maica Rodríguez-Sanz & Lucía Artazcoz & Patricia Garcia de Olalla & Cristina Rius & Carme Borrell, 2021. "Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 in a European Urban Area: Two Waves, Two Patterns," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-12, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:3:p:1256-:d:490201
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    Cited by:

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    2. Roula Maya, 2024. "Social and Spatial Inequalities during COVID-19: Evidence from France and the Need for a New Sustainable Urban and Regional Development Paradigm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-29, April.
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    4. Elizabeth Giron Cima & Miguel Angel Uribe Opazo & Marcos Roberto Bombacini & Weimar Freire da Rocha Junior & Luciana Pagliosa Carvalho Guedes, 2022. "Spatial Analysis: A Socioeconomic View on the Incidence of the New Coronavirus in Paraná-Brazil," Stats, MDPI, vol. 5(4), pages 1-15, October.
    5. Carme Borrell & Laia Palència & Marc Marí-Dell’Olmo & Xavier Bartoll & Mercè Gotsens & M. Isabel Pasarín & Lucía Artazcoz & Maica Rodríguez-Sanz & María José López & Katherine Pérez, 2023. "A City Surveillance System for Social Health Inequalities: The Case of Barcelona," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-7, February.
    6. Bárcena-Martín, Elena & Molina, Julián & Muñoz-Fernández, Ana & Pérez-Moreno, Salvador, 2022. "Vulnerability and COVID-19 infection rates: A changing relationship during the first year of the pandemic," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 47(C).
    7. Isabel Aguilar-Palacio & Lina Maldonado & Sara Malo & Raquel Sánchez-Recio & Iván Marcos-Campos & Rosa Magallón-Botaya & Mª José Rabanaque, 2021. "COVID-19 Inequalities: Individual and Area Socioeconomic Factors (Aragón, Spain)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-15, June.
    8. Przemysław Śleszyński & Paulina Legutko-Kobus & Mark Rosenberg & Viktoriya Pantyley & Maciej J. Nowak, 2022. "Assessing Urban Policies in a COVID-19 World," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-19, April.
    9. Michele Marra & Elena Strippoli & Nicolás Zengarini & Giuseppe Costa, 2022. "Inequalities in the Health Impact of the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Piedmont Region, Italy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-17, November.
    10. Paolo Contiero & Alessandro Borgini & Martina Bertoldi & Anna Abita & Giuseppe Cuffari & Paola Tomao & Maria Concetta D’Ovidio & Stefano Reale & Silvia Scibetta & Giovanna Tagliabue & Roberto Boffi & , 2022. "An Epidemiological Study to Investigate Links between Atmospheric Pollution from Farming and SARS-CoV-2 Mortality," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-12, April.
    11. Hadi Alizadeh & Ayyoob Sharifi & Safiyeh Damanbagh & Hadi Nazarnia & Mohammad Nazarnia, 2023. "Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the social sphere and lessons for crisis management: a literature review," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 117(3), pages 2139-2164, July.
    12. Daniela Ramos-Usuga & Paul B. Perrin & Yelena Bogdanova & Laiene Olabarrieta-Landa & Elisabet Alzueta & Fiona C. Baker & Stella Iacovides & Mar Cortes & Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla, 2022. "Moderate, Little, or No Improvements in Neurobehavioral Symptoms among Individuals with Long COVID: A 34-Country Retrospective Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-16, October.
    13. Noel A Manzano Gómez, 2023. "Planning for social distancing: How the legacy of historical epidemics shaped COVID-19's spread in Madrid," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 60(9), pages 1570-1587, July.

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