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COVID-19 Inequalities: Individual and Area Socioeconomic Factors (Aragón, Spain)

Author

Listed:
  • Isabel Aguilar-Palacio

    (Preventive Medicine and Public Health Department, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios de Aragón (GRISSA), IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

  • Lina Maldonado

    (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios de Aragón (GRISSA), IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Department of Economic Structure, Economic History and Public Economics, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

  • Sara Malo

    (Preventive Medicine and Public Health Department, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios de Aragón (GRISSA), IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

  • Raquel Sánchez-Recio

    (Preventive Medicine and Public Health Department, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios de Aragón (GRISSA), IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

  • Iván Marcos-Campos

    (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

  • Rosa Magallón-Botaya

    (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

  • Mª José Rabanaque

    (Preventive Medicine and Public Health Department, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios de Aragón (GRISSA), IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

Abstract

It is essential to understand the impact of social inequalities on the risk of COVID-19 infection in order to mitigate the social consequences of the pandemic. With this aim, the objective of our study was to analyze the effect of socioeconomic inequalities, both at the individual and area of residence levels, on the probability of COVID-19 confirmed infection, and its variations across three pandemic waves. We conducted a retrospective cohort study and included data from all individuals tested for COVID-19 during the three waves of the pandemic, from March to December 2020 (357,989 individuals) in Aragón (Spain). We studied the effect of inequalities on the risk of having a COVID-19 confirmed diagnosis after being tested using multilevel analyses with two levels of aggregation: individuals and basic healthcare area of residence (deprivation level and type of zone). Inequalities in the risk of COVID-19 confirmed infection were observed at both the individual and area level. There was a predominance of low-paid employees living in deprived areas. Workers with low salaries, unemployed and people on minimum integration income or who no longer receive the unemployment allowance, had a higher probability of COVID-19 infection than workers with salaries ≥ €18,000 per year. Inequalities were greater in women and in the second wave. The deprivation level of areas of residence influenced the risk of COVID-19 infection, especially in the second wave. It is necessary to develop individual and area coordinated measures by areas in the control, diagnosis and treatment of the epidemic, in order to avoid an increase in the already existing inequalities.

Suggested Citation

  • Isabel Aguilar-Palacio & Lina Maldonado & Sara Malo & Raquel Sánchez-Recio & Iván Marcos-Campos & Rosa Magallón-Botaya & Mª José Rabanaque, 2021. "COVID-19 Inequalities: Individual and Area Socioeconomic Factors (Aragón, Spain)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-15, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:12:p:6607-:d:578010
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Khansa Ahmad & Sebhat Erqou & Nishant Shah & Umair Nazir & Alan R Morrison & Gaurav Choudhary & Wen-Chih Wu, 2020. "Association of poor housing conditions with COVID-19 incidence and mortality across US counties," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(11), pages 1-13, November.
    2. Marc Marí-Dell’Olmo & Mercè Gotsens & M Isabel Pasarín & Maica Rodríguez-Sanz & Lucía Artazcoz & Patricia Garcia de Olalla & Cristina Rius & Carme Borrell, 2021. "Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 in a European Urban Area: Two Waves, Two Patterns," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-12, January.
    3. Bates, Douglas & Mächler, Martin & Bolker, Ben & Walker, Steve, 2015. "Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 67(i01).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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