IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i12p6607-d578010.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

COVID-19 Inequalities: Individual and Area Socioeconomic Factors (Aragón, Spain)

Author

Listed:
  • Isabel Aguilar-Palacio

    (Preventive Medicine and Public Health Department, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios de Aragón (GRISSA), IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

  • Lina Maldonado

    (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios de Aragón (GRISSA), IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Department of Economic Structure, Economic History and Public Economics, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

  • Sara Malo

    (Preventive Medicine and Public Health Department, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios de Aragón (GRISSA), IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

  • Raquel Sánchez-Recio

    (Preventive Medicine and Public Health Department, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios de Aragón (GRISSA), IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

  • Iván Marcos-Campos

    (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

  • Rosa Magallón-Botaya

    (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

  • Mª José Rabanaque

    (Preventive Medicine and Public Health Department, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
    Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios de Aragón (GRISSA), IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain)

Abstract

It is essential to understand the impact of social inequalities on the risk of COVID-19 infection in order to mitigate the social consequences of the pandemic. With this aim, the objective of our study was to analyze the effect of socioeconomic inequalities, both at the individual and area of residence levels, on the probability of COVID-19 confirmed infection, and its variations across three pandemic waves. We conducted a retrospective cohort study and included data from all individuals tested for COVID-19 during the three waves of the pandemic, from March to December 2020 (357,989 individuals) in Aragón (Spain). We studied the effect of inequalities on the risk of having a COVID-19 confirmed diagnosis after being tested using multilevel analyses with two levels of aggregation: individuals and basic healthcare area of residence (deprivation level and type of zone). Inequalities in the risk of COVID-19 confirmed infection were observed at both the individual and area level. There was a predominance of low-paid employees living in deprived areas. Workers with low salaries, unemployed and people on minimum integration income or who no longer receive the unemployment allowance, had a higher probability of COVID-19 infection than workers with salaries ≥ €18,000 per year. Inequalities were greater in women and in the second wave. The deprivation level of areas of residence influenced the risk of COVID-19 infection, especially in the second wave. It is necessary to develop individual and area coordinated measures by areas in the control, diagnosis and treatment of the epidemic, in order to avoid an increase in the already existing inequalities.

Suggested Citation

  • Isabel Aguilar-Palacio & Lina Maldonado & Sara Malo & Raquel Sánchez-Recio & Iván Marcos-Campos & Rosa Magallón-Botaya & Mª José Rabanaque, 2021. "COVID-19 Inequalities: Individual and Area Socioeconomic Factors (Aragón, Spain)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-15, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:12:p:6607-:d:578010
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/12/6607/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/12/6607/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bates, Douglas & Mächler, Martin & Bolker, Ben & Walker, Steve, 2015. "Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 67(i01).
    2. Khansa Ahmad & Sebhat Erqou & Nishant Shah & Umair Nazir & Alan R Morrison & Gaurav Choudhary & Wen-Chih Wu, 2020. "Association of poor housing conditions with COVID-19 incidence and mortality across US counties," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(11), pages 1-13, November.
    3. Marc Marí-Dell’Olmo & Mercè Gotsens & M Isabel Pasarín & Maica Rodríguez-Sanz & Lucía Artazcoz & Patricia Garcia de Olalla & Cristina Rius & Carme Borrell, 2021. "Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 in a European Urban Area: Two Waves, Two Patterns," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-12, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. JANSSENS, Jochen & DE CORTE, Annelies & SÖRENSEN, Kenneth, 2016. "Water distribution network design optimisation with respect to reliability," Working Papers 2016007, University of Antwerp, Faculty of Business and Economics.
    2. Raymond Hernandez & Elizabeth A. Pyatak & Cheryl L. P. Vigen & Haomiao Jin & Stefan Schneider & Donna Spruijt-Metz & Shawn C. Roll, 2021. "Understanding Worker Well-Being Relative to High-Workload and Recovery Activities across a Whole Day: Pilot Testing an Ecological Momentary Assessment Technique," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-17, October.
    3. Christopher Hassall & Michael Nisbet & Evan Norcliffe & He Wang, 2024. "The Potential Health Benefits of Urban Tree Planting Suggested through Immersive Environments," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-12, February.
    4. Jie Zhao & Ji Chen & Damien Beillouin & Hans Lambers & Yadong Yang & Pete Smith & Zhaohai Zeng & Jørgen E. Olesen & Huadong Zang, 2022. "Global systematic review with meta-analysis reveals yield advantage of legume-based rotations and its drivers," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, December.
    5. Elisabeth Beckmann & Lukas Olbrich & Joseph Sakshaug, 2024. "Multivariate assessment of interviewer-related errors in a cross-national economic survey (Lukas Olbrich, Elisabeth Beckmann, Joseph W. Sakshaug)," Working Papers 253, Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Austrian Central Bank).
    6. Arnab K Ghosh & Sara Venkatraman & Evgeniya Reshetnyak & Mangala Rajan & Anjile An & John K Chae & Mark A Unruh & David Abramson & Charles DiMaggio & Nathaniel Hupert, 2022. "Association between city-wide lockdown and COVID-19 hospitalization rates in multigenerational households in New York City," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(3), pages 1-13, March.
    7. F J Heather & D Z Childs & A M Darnaude & J L Blanchard, 2018. "Using an integral projection model to assess the effect of temperature on the growth of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(5), pages 1-19, May.
    8. Valentina Krenz & Arjen Alink & Tobias Sommer & Benno Roozendaal & Lars Schwabe, 2023. "Time-dependent memory transformation in hippocampus and neocortex is semantic in nature," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-17, December.
    9. Morán-Ordóñez, Alejandra & Ameztegui, Aitor & De Cáceres, Miquel & de-Miguel, Sergio & Lefèvre, François & Brotons, Lluís & Coll, Lluís, 2020. "Future trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services in Mediterranean forests under global change scenarios," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 45(C).
    10. Jack McDonnell & Thomas McKenna & Kathryn A. Yurkonis & Deirdre Hennessy & Rafael Andrade Moral & Caroline Brophy, 2023. "A Mixed Model for Assessing the Effect of Numerous Plant Species Interactions on Grassland Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function Relationships," Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, Springer;The International Biometric Society;American Statistical Association, vol. 28(1), pages 1-19, March.
    11. Ana Pinto & Tong Yin & Marion Reichenbach & Raghavendra Bhatta & Pradeep Kumar Malik & Eva Schlecht & Sven König, 2020. "Enteric Methane Emissions of Dairy Cattle Considering Breed Composition, Pasture Management, Housing Conditions and Feeding Characteristics along a Rural-Urban Gradient in a Rising Megacity," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-18, December.
    12. Damian M. Herz & Manuel Bange & Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla & Miriam Auer & Keyoumars Ashkan & Petra Fischer & Huiling Tan & Rafal Bogacz & Muthuraman Muthuraman & Sergiu Groppa & Peter Brown, 2022. "Dynamic control of decision and movement speed in the human basal ganglia," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-15, December.
    13. Kathrin Stenchly & Marc Victor Hansen & Katharina Stein & Andreas Buerkert & Wilhelm Loewenstein, 2018. "Income Vulnerability of West African Farming Households to Losses in Pollination Services: A Case Study from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-12, November.
    14. Dongyan Liu & Chongran Zhou & John K. Keesing & Oscar Serrano & Axel Werner & Yin Fang & Yingjun Chen & Pere Masque & Janine Kinloch & Aleksey Sadekov & Yan Du, 2022. "Wildfires enhance phytoplankton production in tropical oceans," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, December.
    15. Zhaogeng Yang & Yanhui Li & Peijin Hu & Jun Ma & Yi Song, 2020. "Prevalence of Anemia and its Associated Factors among Chinese 9-, 12-, and 14-Year-Old Children: Results from 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-10, February.
    16. Marco Lopez-Cruz & Fernando M. Aguate & Jacob D. Washburn & Natalia Leon & Shawn M. Kaeppler & Dayane Cristina Lima & Ruijuan Tan & Addie Thompson & Laurence Willard Bretonne & Gustavo los Campos, 2023. "Leveraging data from the Genomes-to-Fields Initiative to investigate genotype-by-environment interactions in maize in North America," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-14, December.
    17. Baumann, Elias & Kern, Jana & Lessmann, Stefan, 2019. "Usage Continuance in Software-as-a-Service," IRTG 1792 Discussion Papers 2019-005, Humboldt University of Berlin, International Research Training Group 1792 "High Dimensional Nonstationary Time Series".
    18. Alexandra M. Cheney & Stephanann M. Costello & Nicholas V. Pinkham & Annie Waldum & Susan C. Broadaway & Maria Cotrina-Vidal & Marc Mergy & Brian Tripet & Douglas J. Kominsky & Heather M. Grifka-Walk , 2023. "Gut microbiome dysbiosis drives metabolic dysfunction in Familial dysautonomia," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-12, December.
    19. repec:cup:judgdm:v:16:y:2021:i:1:p:201-237 is not listed on IDEAS
    20. C. Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango & Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado & Jhon del Águila-Pasquel & Gerardo Flores Llampazo & Johan de Jong & César J. Córdova Oroche & José M. Reyna Huaymacari & Steve J. Carver & D, 2022. "Sustainable palm fruit harvesting as a pathway to conserve Amazon peatland forests," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 5(6), pages 479-487, June.
    21. Myrto Pantazi & Olivier Klein & Mikhail Kissine, 2020. "Is justice blind or myopic? An examination of the effects of meta-cognitive myopia and truth bias on mock jurors and judges," Judgment and Decision Making, Society for Judgment and Decision Making, vol. 15(2), pages 214-229, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:12:p:6607-:d:578010. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.