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Moderate, Little, or No Improvements in Neurobehavioral Symptoms among Individuals with Long COVID: A 34-Country Retrospective Study

Author

Listed:
  • Daniela Ramos-Usuga

    (Biomedical Research Doctorate Program, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain)

  • Paul B. Perrin

    (Department of Psychology, School of Data Science, University of Virginia, 400 Brandon Ave., #177, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA)

  • Yelena Bogdanova

    (Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130, USA
    Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA)

  • Laiene Olabarrieta-Landa

    (Health Sciences Department, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Cataluña, s/n, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
    Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain)

  • Elisabet Alzueta

    (Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA)

  • Fiona C. Baker

    (Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
    School of Physiology, Brain Function Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa)

  • Stella Iacovides

    (School of Physiology, Brain Function Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa)

  • Mar Cortes

    (Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA)

  • Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla

    (Departments of Psychology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, 907 Floyd Ave, Richmond, VA 23284, USA)

Abstract

(1) Background: Some people with COVID-19 develop a series of symptoms that last for several months after infection, known as Long COVID. Although these symptoms interfere with people’s daily functioning and quality of life, few studies have focused on neurobehavioral symptoms and the risk factors associated with their development; (2) Methods: 1001 adults from 34 countries who had previously tested positive for COVID-19 completed the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory reporting the symptoms before their COVID-19 diagnosis, during the COVID-19 infection, and currently; (3) Results: Participants reported large-sized increases before vs. during COVID-19 in all domains. Participants reported a medium-sized improvement (during COVID-19 vs. now) in somatic symptoms, a small-sized improvement in affective symptoms, and very minor/no improvement in cognitive symptoms. The risk factors for increased neurobehavioral symptoms were: being female/trans, unemployed, younger age, low education, having another chronic health condition, greater COVID-19 severity, greater number of days since the COVID-19 diagnosis, not having received oxygen therapy, and having been hospitalized. Additionally, participants from North America, Europe, and Central Asia reported higher levels of symptoms across all domains relative to Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa; (4) Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of evaluating and treating neurobehavioral symptoms after COVID-19, especially targeting the higher-risk groups identified. General rehabilitation strategies and evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation are needed in both the acute and Long COVID phases.

Suggested Citation

  • Daniela Ramos-Usuga & Paul B. Perrin & Yelena Bogdanova & Laiene Olabarrieta-Landa & Elisabet Alzueta & Fiona C. Baker & Stella Iacovides & Mar Cortes & Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla, 2022. "Moderate, Little, or No Improvements in Neurobehavioral Symptoms among Individuals with Long COVID: A 34-Country Retrospective Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-16, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:19:p:12593-:d:931901
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ann Pearman & MacKenzie L Hughes & Emily L Smith & Shevaun D Neupert & Amy Fiske, 2021. "Age Differences in Risk and Resilience Factors in COVID-19-Related Stress," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 76(2), pages 38-44.
    2. Patrick Klaiber & Jin H Wen & Anita DeLongis & Nancy L Sin & Derek M Isaacowitz, 2021. "The Ups and Downs of Daily Life During COVID-19: Age Differences in Affect, Stress, and Positive Events," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 76(2), pages 30-37.
    3. Marc Marí-Dell’Olmo & Mercè Gotsens & M Isabel Pasarín & Maica Rodríguez-Sanz & Lucía Artazcoz & Patricia Garcia de Olalla & Cristina Rius & Carme Borrell, 2021. "Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 in a European Urban Area: Two Waves, Two Patterns," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-12, January.
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