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Effects of Caffeine and Caffeinated Beverages in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults: Short Review

Author

Listed:
  • Rita Soós

    (Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary)

  • Ádám Gyebrovszki

    (Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary)

  • Ákos Tóth

    (Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary)

  • Sára Jeges

    (Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary)

  • Márta Wilhelm

    (Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary)

Abstract

The prevalence of ED consumption has increased over the past 10–15 years. Studies describing the effects of caffeine and caffeinated beverages show confusing results, so it seems important to regularly summarize the available facts, and in more detail. By a thorough analysis of more than 156 scientific papers, the authors describe the molecular background of absorption, as well as the positive and negative effects of different dosages of caffeine, just like its effects in physical activity and performance. ED and EDwA consumption is a regular habit of not only adults, but nowadays even of children and adolescents. There are no safe dosages described of caffeine or ED consumption for children. There are no positive short- or long-term effects of these compounds/products concerning developing brain functions, psycho-motor functions, or social development. Instead, there are many unpleasant side effects, and symptoms of regular or higher-dose ED consumption, especially at younger ages. This mini review describes many details of these unpleasant side effects, their severity, and motivations for consuming these compounds/products. In a quantitative research in Hungary (10–26 years, mean age: 15.6 ± 3.8 y, 1459 subjects, randomly chosen population), a survey based on a questionnaire asking people about their ED consumption habits was conducted. According to the data, 81.8% of the participants consumed EDs at least once, and 63.3% tried several products of the kind. A positive correlation was found between age and consumption ( p < 0.001). The results show that a high proportion of this group often consumed EDwA, in many cases leading to harmful side-effects of caffeine overdose. In a sample of Hungarian high school and college students (17–26 years), ED consumption matched the international data, and only 19.7% of respondents did not use EDs at all (had never tasted an ED in their life).

Suggested Citation

  • Rita Soós & Ádám Gyebrovszki & Ákos Tóth & Sára Jeges & Márta Wilhelm, 2021. "Effects of Caffeine and Caffeinated Beverages in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults: Short Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-20, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:23:p:12389-:d:687596
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. So Young Kim & Songyong Sim & Hyo Geun Choi, 2017. "High stress, lack of sleep, low school performance, and suicide attempts are associated with high energy drink intake in adolescents," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(11), pages 1-12, November.
    2. Ákos Tóth & Rita Soós & Etelka Szovák & Noemi M. Najbauer & Dalma Tényi & Györgyi Csábí & Márta Wilhelm, 2020. "Energy Drink Consumption, Depression, and Salutogenic Sense of Coherence Among Adolescents and Young Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-12, February.
    3. Yeyetzi C. Torres-Ugalde & Angélica Romero-Palencia & Alma D. Román-Gutiérrez & Deyanira Ojeda-Ramírez & Rebeca M. E. Guzmán-Saldaña, 2020. "Caffeine Consumption in Children: Innocuous or Deleterious? A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-13, April.
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