IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i21p11605-d672324.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Ecological Risk Assessment and Protection Zone Identification for Linear Cultural Heritage: A Case Study of the Ming Great Wall

Author

Listed:
  • Li Li

    (Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    College of Resources and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
    These author contributed equally to this work.)

  • Rundong Feng

    (Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    College of Resources and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
    These author contributed equally to this work.)

  • Jianchao Xi

    (Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China)

Abstract

Ecological risk assessment is an important part of the sustainable development of World Heritage. The Ming Great Wall Heritage (MGWH) plays an important role in World Heritage conservation as a representative of large linear heritage, yet its ecological risks have not received much attention. This study assessed the ecological risk of MGWH based on simultaneous consideration of spatial heterogeneity and autocorrelation of geographic factors, and four protection zones were further identified from the perspective of preservation status and risk by using GeoDetector, principal component analysis and bivariate autocorrelation. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the preservation status of MGWH at different elevations. Based on this assessed ecological risk, it was found that 63.49% of MGWH grids were in the low to medium risk, while the highest risk areas (16.61%) were mainly concentrated in lower (200–500 m) and medium (500–1000 m) elevation. As elevation increased, the dominant factor of ecological risk shifted from human factors to natural factors and the main ecological risk showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing with increasing elevation. In addition, four types of risk protection zones (i.e., Protection—Restricted, Restoration—Moderate exploited, Restoration—Restricted and Protection—Moderate exploited) and policy suggestions were identified in this study from the perspectives of conservation, restoration and development, respectively. Future ecological protection of the MGWH should be based on the principle of “cultural heritage protection first”, with restricted development and use (e.g., tourism and education) and enhanced ecological restoration and environmental management of the surrounding area. This study provides references for the risk assessment of the cultural heritage at a large spatial scale, which is conducive to the maintenance and improvement of heritage value.

Suggested Citation

  • Li Li & Rundong Feng & Jianchao Xi, 2021. "Ecological Risk Assessment and Protection Zone Identification for Linear Cultural Heritage: A Case Study of the Ming Great Wall," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-18, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:21:p:11605-:d:672324
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11605/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11605/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gong, Xiangwei & Dang, Ke & Liu, Long & Zhao, Guan & Lv, Siming & Tian, Lixin & Jin, Fei & Feng, Yu & Zhao, Yingnan & Feng, Baili, 2021. "Intercropping combined with nitrogen input promotes proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) growth and resource use efficiency to increase grain yield on the Loess plateau of China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    2. A. Agapiou & V. Lysandrou & K. Themistocleous & D. G. Hadjimitsis, 2016. "Risk assessment of cultural heritage sites clusters using satellite imagery and GIS: the case study of Paphos District, Cyprus," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 83(1), pages 5-20, October.
    3. Jollands, Nigel & Lermit, Jonathan & Patterson, Murray, 2004. "Aggregate eco-efficiency indices for New Zealand – a Principal Components Analysis," 2004 Conference, June 25-26, 2004, Blenheim, New Zealand 97773, New Zealand Agricultural and Resource Economics Society.
    4. Calvin Jones & Max Munday, 2001. "Blaenavon and United Nations World Heritage Site Status: Is Conservation of Industrial Heritage a Road to Local Economic Development?," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(6), pages 585-590.
    5. Yu, Ruihong & Liu, Tingxi & Xu, Youpeng & Zhu, Chao & Zhang, Qing & Qu, Zhongyi & Liu, Xiaomin & Li, Changyou, 2010. "Analysis of salinization dynamics by remote sensing in Hetao Irrigation District of North China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 97(12), pages 1952-1960, November.
    6. Tianbiao Pu & Wenwu Chen & Yumin Du & Wenjuan Li & Na Su, 2016. "Snowfall-related deterioration behavior of the Ming Great Wall in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 84(3), pages 1539-1550, December.
    7. Di Wang & Mengmeng Hao & Shuai Chen & Ze Meng & Dong Jiang & Fangyu Ding, 2021. "Assessment of landslide susceptibility and risk factors in China," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 108(3), pages 3045-3059, September.
    8. Ahmadreza Shirvani Dastgerdi & Massimo Sargolini & Ilenia Pierantoni, 2019. "Climate Change Challenges to Existing Cultural Heritage Policy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(19), pages 1-10, September.
    9. Jin Zhao & Xiaoguang Yang & Zhijuan Liu & Shuo Lv & Jing Wang & Shuwei Dai, 2016. "Variations in the potential climatic suitability distribution patterns and grain yields for spring maize in Northeast China under climate change," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 137(1), pages 29-42, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ding He & Wenting Chen & Jie Zhang, 2024. "Integrating Heritage and Environment: Characterization of Cultural Landscape in Beijing Great Wall Heritage Area," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-32, April.
    2. Zichun Yan & Ninglong You & Lu Wang & Chengwei Lan, 2023. "Assessing the Impact of Road Network on Urban Landscape Ecological Risk Based on Corridor Cutting Degree Model in Fuzhou, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-21, January.
    3. Ding He & Jingchong Hu & Jie Zhang, 2023. "Assessment of Sustainable Development Suitability in Linear Cultural Heritage—A Case of Beijing Great Wall Cultural Belt," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-18, September.
    4. Shuang Zhao & Diechuan Yang & Chi Gao, 2023. "Identifying Landscape Character for Large Linear Heritage: A Case Study of the Ming Great Wall in Ji-Town, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-21, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hai-Min Lyu & Ye-Shuang Xu & Wen-Chieh Cheng & Arul Arulrajah, 2018. "Flooding Hazards across Southern China and Prospective Sustainability Measures," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-18, May.
    2. Shamsheer Haq & Ismet Boz, 2020. "Measuring environmental, economic, and social sustainability index of tea farms in Rize Province, Turkey," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 22(3), pages 2545-2567, March.
    3. Shirvani Dastgerdi, Ahmadreza & Sargolini, Massimo & Broussard Allred, Shorna & Chatrchyan, Allison Morrill & Drescher, Michael & DeGeer, Christopher, 2022. "Climate change risk reduction in cultural landscapes: Insights from Cinque Terre and Waterloo," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
    4. Du, Ruiqi & Chen, Junying & Zhang, Zhitao & Chen, Yinwen & He, Yujie & Yin, Haoyuan, 2022. "Simultaneous estimation of surface soil moisture and salinity during irrigation with the moisture-salinity-dependent spectral response model," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    5. Liu, Meihan & Paredes, Paula & Shi, Haibin & Ramos, Tiago B. & Dou, Xu & Dai, Liping & Pereira, Luis S., 2022. "Impacts of a shallow saline water table on maize evapotranspiration and groundwater contribution using static water table lysimeters and the dual Kc water balance model SIMDualKc," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    6. Yiridoe, Emmanuel K. & Amon-Armah, Frederick & Hebb, Dale & Jamieson, Rob, 2013. "Eco-efficiency of Alternative Cropping Systems Managed in an Agricultural Watershed," 2013 Annual Meeting, August 4-6, 2013, Washington, D.C. 150357, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    7. Bingyu Sun & Konomi Ikebe & Yirui Han & Xiangting He, 2023. "Protection System and Preservation Status for Heritage of Industrial Modernization in China—Based on a Case Study of Shenyang City," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-28, January.
    8. Xue, Jingyuan & Guan, Huade & Huo, Zailin & Wang, Fengxin & Huang, Guanhua & Boll, Jan, 2017. "Water saving practices enhance regional efficiency of water consumption and water productivity in an arid agricultural area with shallow groundwater," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 78-89.
    9. Guanfang Sun & Yan Zhu & Zhaoliang Gao & Jinzhong Yang & Zhongyi Qu & Wei Mao & Jingwei Wu, 2022. "Spatiotemporal Patterns and Key Driving Factors of Soil Salinity in Dry and Wet Years in an Arid Agricultural Area with Shallow Groundwater Table," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-17, August.
    10. Van Passel, Steven & Nevens, Frank & Mathijs, Erik & Van Huylenbroeck, Guido, 2007. "Measuring farm sustainability and explaining differences in sustainable efficiency," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(1), pages 149-161, April.
    11. Ruiz, Francisco & El Gibari, Samira & Cabello, José M. & Gómez, Trinidad, 2020. "MRP-WSCI: Multiple reference point based weak and strong composite indicators," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    12. Carlos J. Pardo Abad, 2020. "Valuation of Industrial Heritage in Terms of Sustainability: Some Cases of Tourist Reference in Spain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-23, November.
    13. Xianyu Yu & Tingting Xiong & Weiwei Jiang & Jianguo Zhou, 2023. "Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of the Five Kinds of Models in Landslide Susceptibility Map for Factor Screening: A Case Study at Zigui-Badong in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-26, January.
    14. Miao, Qingfeng & Rosa, Ricardo D. & Shi, Haibin & Paredes, Paula & Zhu, Li & Dai, Jiaxin & Gonçalves, José M. & Pereira, Luis S., 2016. "Modeling water use, transpiration and soil evaporation of spring wheat–maize and spring wheat–sunflower relay intercropping using the dual crop coefficient approach," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 211-229.
    15. Shadreck Muchaku & Grey Magaiza & Hamisai Hamandawana, 2023. "Translating Indigenous Knowledge into Actionable Climate-Change Adaption Strategies: A Case Study of Maluti-a-Phofung Local Municipality, Free State Province, South Africa," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-11, January.
    16. Mamouni Limnios, Elena Alexandra & Ghadouani, Anas & Schilizzi, Steven G.M. & Mazzarol, Tim, 2009. "Giving the consumer the choice: A methodology for Product Ecological Footprint calculation," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(10), pages 2525-2534, August.
    17. Gül Aktürk & Ahmadreza Shirvani Dastgerdi, 2021. "Cultural Landscapes under the Threat of Climate Change: A Systematic Study of Barriers to Resilience," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-19, September.
    18. Zhengyuan Zhao & Zhigao Liu, 2021. "Development Path of Industrial Heritage Tourism: A Case Study of Kitakyushu (Japan)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-18, November.
    19. Brint, Andrew & Genovese, Andrea & Piccolo, Carmela & Taboada-Perez, Gerardo J., 2021. "Reducing data requirements when selecting key performance indicators for supply chain management: The case of a multinational automotive component manufacturer," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    20. Dong, Fengxia & Mitchell, Paul D. & Hurley, Terrance M. & Frisvold, George B., 2016. "Quantifying Adoption Intensity for Weed-Resistance Management Practices and Its Determinants among U.S. Soybean, Corn, and Cotton Farmers," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 41(1), pages 1-20, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:21:p:11605-:d:672324. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.