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Trace Elements and Omega-3 Fatty Acids of Wild and Farmed Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) Consumed in Bulgaria: Human Health Risks

Author

Listed:
  • Katya Peycheva

    (Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
    Both authors contributed equally and should be considered co-first authors.)

  • Veselina Panayotova

    (Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
    Both authors contributed equally and should be considered co-first authors.)

  • Rositsa Stancheva

    (Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria)

  • Lubomir Makedonski

    (Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria)

  • Albena Merdzhanova

    (Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria)

  • Nicola Cicero

    (Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
    Science4Life, Spin off Company, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy)

  • Vincenzo Parrino

    (Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy)

  • Francesco Fazio

    (Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy)

Abstract

The unique, closed ecosystem of the Black Sea is of significant global importance. The levels and health risk of some trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) in wild and farmed mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) collected from the Bulgarian part of the Black Sea were determined and using different approaches such as Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Hazard Index (HI), Target risk (TR), human health risk levels were assessed. The mean maximum concentrations of the elements Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in all mussel samples were below the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) except that which exceeded the limit of 2.00 mg/kg ww. Eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acids profile studied mussels showed that the farmed mussels had higher PUFA/SFA ratios, DHA and EPA + DHA content and lower SFA, AI and TI values. The target risk (TR) values for Pb, Cr, Ni and As were calculated, evaluated and showed acceptable or negligible levels. Target hazard quotients (THQs) and hazard index (HI) from elemental intake were below 1 indicated no hazard from consumption. The benefit–risk ratio indicated that wild and cultured M. galloprovincialis are safe for human consumption.

Suggested Citation

  • Katya Peycheva & Veselina Panayotova & Rositsa Stancheva & Lubomir Makedonski & Albena Merdzhanova & Nicola Cicero & Vincenzo Parrino & Francesco Fazio, 2021. "Trace Elements and Omega-3 Fatty Acids of Wild and Farmed Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) Consumed in Bulgaria: Human Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-15, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:19:p:10023-:d:641727
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chee Kong Yap & Moslem Sharifinia & Wan Hee Cheng & Salman Abdo Al-Shami & Koe Wei Wong & Khalid Awadh Al-Mutairi, 2021. "A Commentary on the Use of Bivalve Mollusks in Monitoring Metal Pollution Levels," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-24, March.
    2. Hannah I. Hoffman & Walter G. Bradley & Celia Y. Chen & Erik P. Pioro & Elijah W. Stommel & Angeline S. Andrew, 2021. "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Risk, Family Income, and Fish Consumption Estimates of Mercury and Omega-3 PUFAs in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-10, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Chee Kong Yap & Meng Chuan Ong, 2023. "Comment on Peycheva et al. Trace Elements and Omega-3 Fatty Acids of Wild and Farmed Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) Consumed in Bulgaria: Human Health Risks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(14), pages 1-2, July.
    2. Katya Peycheva & Nicola Cicero, 2023. "Reply to Yap, C.K.; Ong, M.C. Comment on “Peycheva et al. Trace Elements and Omega-3 Fatty Acids of Wild and Farmed Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) Consumed in Bulgaria: Human Health Risks. Int.," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(14), pages 1-2, July.

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