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Air Pollutant Particles, PM 2.5 , Exposure and Glaucoma in Patients with Diabetes: A National Population-Based Nested Case–Control Study

Author

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  • Yun-Wei Chiang

    (Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan
    Department of Optometry, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406053, Taiwan)

  • Sheng-Wen Wu

    (Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
    The School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan)

  • Ci-Wen Luo

    (Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
    Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan)

  • Shih-Pin Chen

    (Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
    Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan)

  • Chun-Jung Chen

    (Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan)

  • Wen-Ying Chen

    (Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan)

  • Chia-Che Chang

    (Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan
    Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
    Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
    Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110410, Taiwan)

  • Chuan-Mu Chen

    (Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Yu-Hsiang Kuan

    (Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
    Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has reached 20%. Air pollutants with a particle size of less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) are a globally recognized risk factor for diabetes and glaucoma. We examined whether the risk of glaucoma would decrease or increase when patients with DM were exposed to different PM 2.5 concentrations. Data were obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan and the Air Quality Monitoring Network between 2008 and 2013. This nested case–control study involved 197 DM patients with glaucoma and 788 DM patients without glaucoma. Cases and controls were matched (1:4) by gender, age (±5 years), and index date (±6 months), and their data were entered in a logistic regression model adjusted for gender, age, urbanization level, income level, and comorbidities. The odds ratio (OR) of glaucoma at PM 2.5 exposure concentration in the fourth quartile (Q4) compared with in the first quartile (Q1) was 1.7 (95% CI: 1.084–2.764). For glaucoma risk, the OR was 1.013 (95% CI: 1.006–1.020) at a PM2.5 exposure concentration in Q1, 1.004 (95% CI: 1.001–1.007) in the third quartile (Q3), and 1.003 (95% CI: 1.001–1.004) in Q4. In the subgroup analysis of patients living in non-emerging towns and non-agricultural towns, the OR for glaucoma in Q4 compared with in Q1 was 2.1 (95% CI: 1.229–3.406) and 1.8 (95% CI: 1.091–2.803), respectively ( p trend = 0.001 and 0.011). For patients without migraine, the OR for glaucoma was 1.7 (95% CI: 1.074–2.782; p = 0.006). These results demonstrate that, for patients with DM, PM 2.5 increased the risk of glaucoma and PM 2.5 was an independent risk factor for glaucoma in patients with DM.

Suggested Citation

  • Yun-Wei Chiang & Sheng-Wen Wu & Ci-Wen Luo & Shih-Pin Chen & Chun-Jung Chen & Wen-Ying Chen & Chia-Che Chang & Chuan-Mu Chen & Yu-Hsiang Kuan, 2021. "Air Pollutant Particles, PM 2.5 , Exposure and Glaucoma in Patients with Diabetes: A National Population-Based Nested Case–Control Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-12, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:18:p:9939-:d:640121
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ruo-Ling Li & Yung-Chyuan Ho & Ci-Wen Luo & Shiuan-Shinn Lee & Yu-Hsiang Kuan, 2019. "Influence of PM 2.5 Exposure Level on the Association between Alzheimer’s Disease and Allergic Rhinitis: A National Population-Based Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-11, September.
    2. Minwen Zhou & Wei Wang & Wenbin Huang & Xiulan Zhang, 2014. "Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(8), pages 1-9, August.
    3. Lin, Yen-Ju & Tian, Wei-Hua & Chen, Chun-Chih, 2011. "Urbanization and the utilization of outpatient services under National Health Insurance in Taiwan," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 103(2), pages 236-243.
    4. Chih-Cheng Chen & Shang-Shyue Tsai & Chun-Yuh Yang, 2015. "Association between Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Clinic Visits for Migraine in a Subtropical City: Taipei, Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-12, April.
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