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Concentrations of Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium, Manganese, and Aluminum in the Blood of Pakistani Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Associated Factors

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  • Mohammad H. Rahbar

    (Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
    Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
    Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) Core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA)

  • Shahnaz H. Ibrahim

    (Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
    Child Development and Rehabilitation Centre, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan)

  • Syed Iqbal Azam

    (Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan)

  • Manouchehr Hessabi

    (Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) Core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA)

  • Fatima Karim

    (Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan)

  • Sori Kim

    (Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) Core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
    Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA)

  • Jing Zhang

    (Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) Core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
    Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA)

  • Nasreen Gulzar Ali

    (Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan)

  • Katherine A. Loveland

    (Louis A Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA)

Abstract

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with early onset in utero or childhood. Environmental exposure to six metals (Pb, Hg, As, Cd, Mn, Al) is believed to be associated with ASD directly or interactively with genes. Objective : To assess the association of ASD among Pakistani children with the six metals and genotype frequencies of three GST genes ( GSTP1 , GSTM1 , GSTT1 ). Methods: We enrolled 30 ASD cases, age 2–12 years old, and 30 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) controls in Karachi, Pakistan. We assessed associations of ASD status with various factors using Conditional Logistic Regression models. We also used General Linear Models to assess possible interaction of blood Mn and Pb concentrations with the three GST genes in relation to ASD status. Results: The unadjusted difference between ASD and TD groups in terms of geometric mean blood Pb concentrations was marginally significant ( p = 0.05), but for Al concentrations, the adjusted difference was marginally significant ( p = 0.06). Conclusions: This is the first study reporting six blood metal concentrations of Pakistani children with ASD. Estimates provided for possible interactions of GST genes with Mn and Pb in relation to ASD status are valuable for designing future similar studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammad H. Rahbar & Shahnaz H. Ibrahim & Syed Iqbal Azam & Manouchehr Hessabi & Fatima Karim & Sori Kim & Jing Zhang & Nasreen Gulzar Ali & Katherine A. Loveland, 2021. "Concentrations of Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium, Manganese, and Aluminum in the Blood of Pakistani Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Associated Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-18, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:16:p:8625-:d:614841
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mohammad H. Rahbar & Maureen Samms-Vaughan & Sepideh Saroukhani & Jan Bressler & Manouchehr Hessabi & Megan L. Grove & Sydonnie Shakspeare-Pellington & Katherine A. Loveland & Compton Beecher & Wayne , 2021. "Associations of Metabolic Genes ( GSTT1 , GSTP1 , GSTM1 ) and Blood Mercury Concentrations Differ in Jamaican Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-20, February.
    2. Mohammad H. Rahbar & Maureen Samms-Vaughan & Aisha S. Dickerson & Katherine A. Loveland & Manouchehr Ardjomand-Hessabi & Jan Bressler & Sydonnie Shakespeare-Pellington & Megan L. Grove & Deborah A. Pe, 2014. "Blood Lead Concentrations in Jamaican Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-23, December.
    3. Mohammad H. Rahbar & Maureen Samms-Vaughan & Meagan R. Pitcher & Jan Bressler & Manouchehr Hessabi & Katherine A. Loveland & MacKinsey A. Christian & Megan L. Grove & Sydonnie Shakespeare-Pellington &, 2016. "Role of Metabolic Genes in Blood Aluminum Concentrations of Jamaican Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, November.
    4. Mohammad H. Rahbar & Maureen Samms-Vaughan & Jianzhong Ma & Jan Bressler & Katherine A. Loveland & Manouchehr Ardjomand-Hessabi & Aisha S. Dickerson & Megan L. Grove & Sydonnie Shakespeare-Pellington , 2014. "Role of Metabolic Genes in Blood Arsenic Concentrations of Jamaican Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-22, August.
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