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Relationship Between Air Pollution and the Concentration of Nitric Oxide in the Exhaled Air (FeNO) in 8–9-Year-Old School Children in Krakow

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  • Marta Czubaj-Kowal

    (Department of Paediatrics, Stefan Żeromski Specialist Hospital in Krakow, Na Skarpie 66 Str., PL-31-913 Krakow, Poland)

  • Ryszard Kurzawa

    (Department of Alergology and Pneumonology, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disorders, Prof. Jana Rudnika 3B Str., PL-34-700 Rabka-Zdrój, Poland)

  • Henryk Mazurek

    (Department of Pneumonology and Cystic Fibrosis, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disorders, Prof. Jana Rudnika 3B Str., PL-34-700 Rabka-Zdrój, Poland)

  • Michał Sokołowski

    (Department of Paediatrics, Stefan Żeromski Specialist Hospital in Krakow, Na Skarpie 66 Str., PL-31-913 Krakow, Poland)

  • Teresa Friediger

    (Faculty of Health, Catholic University in Ruzomberok, Námestie A. Hlinku 48 Str., SK-034 01 Ruzomberok, Slovakia)

  • Maciej Polak

    (Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 20 Str., PL-31-531 Krakow, Poland)

  • Grzegorz Józef Nowicki

    (Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6 Str., PL-20-081 Lublin, Poland)

Abstract

The consequences of air pollution pose one of the most serious threats to human health, and especially impact children from large agglomerations. The measurement of nitric oxide concentration in exhaled air (FeNO) is a valuable biomarker in detecting and monitoring airway inflammation. However, only a few studies have assessed the relationship between FeNO and the level of air pollution. The study aims to estimate the concentration of FeNO in the population of children aged 8–9 attending the third grade of public primary schools in Krakow, as well as to determine the relationship between FeNO concentration and dust and gaseous air pollutants. The research included 4580 children aged 8–9 years who had two FeNO measurements in the winter–autumn and spring–summer periods. The degree of air pollution was obtained from the Regional Inspectorate of Environmental Protection in Krakow. The concentration of pollutants was obtained from three measurement stations located in different parts of the city. The FeNO results were related to air pollution parameters. The study showed weak but significant relationships between FeNO and air pollution parameters. The most significant positive correlations were found for CO8h (r = 0.1491, p < 0.001), C 6 H 6 (r = 0.1420, p < 0.001), PM 10 (r = 0.1054, p < 0.001) and PM 2.5 (r = 0.1112, p < 0.001). We suggest that particulate and gaseous air pollutants impact FeNO concentration in children aged 8–9 years. More research is needed to assess the impact of air pollution on FeNO concentration in children. The results of such studies could help to explain the increase in the number of allergic and respiratory diseases seen in children in recent decades.

Suggested Citation

  • Marta Czubaj-Kowal & Ryszard Kurzawa & Henryk Mazurek & Michał Sokołowski & Teresa Friediger & Maciej Polak & Grzegorz Józef Nowicki, 2021. "Relationship Between Air Pollution and the Concentration of Nitric Oxide in the Exhaled Air (FeNO) in 8–9-Year-Old School Children in Krakow," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-13, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:13:p:6690-:d:579370
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Paulina Traczyk & Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska, 2020. "The Condition of Air Pollution in Kraków, Poland, in 2005–2020, with Health Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-22, August.
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