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Evaluation of Neighborhood Socio-Economic Status, as Measured by the Delphi Method, on Dengue Fever Distribution in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia

Author

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  • Ibrahim Alkhaldy

    (Department of Administrative and Human Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia)

  • Pauline Barnett

    (School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand)

Abstract

Dengue fever, a mosquito-transmitted viral disease, is present in many neighborhoods in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. One factor likely to affect its distribution is the socio-economic status of local neighborhoods; however, the absence of socio-economic census data in Saudi Arabia has precluded detailed investigation. This study aims to develop a proxy measure of socio-economic status in Jeddah City in order to assess its relationship with the occurrence of dengue fever. The Delphi method was used to assess the socio-economic status (high, medium or low) of local neighborhoods in Jeddah City. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was applied to understand the distribution of dengue fever according to the socio-economic status of Jeddah City neighborhoods. Low-socio-economic status neighborhoods in south Jeddah City, with poor environmental conditions and high levels of poverty and population density, reported most cases of dengue fever. Nevertheless, dengue continues to increase in high socio-economic status neighborhoods in the northern part of the city, possibly due to ideal breeding conditions caused by the presence of standing water associated with high levels of construction. Moreover, the low-socioeconomic-status neighborhoods had the highest average number of cases, being 3.95 times that of high-status neighborhoods for the period 2006–2009. The Delphi approach can produce a useful and robust measure of socio-economic status for use in the analysis of patterns of dengue fever. Results suggest that there are nuances in the relationship between socio-economic status and dengue that indicate that higher status areas are also at risk. A useful additional tool for researchers in Saudi Arabia would be the development of census data or other systematic measures that allow socio-economic status to be included in spatial analyses of dengue fever and other diseases.

Suggested Citation

  • Ibrahim Alkhaldy & Pauline Barnett, 2021. "Evaluation of Neighborhood Socio-Economic Status, as Measured by the Delphi Method, on Dengue Fever Distribution in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-11, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:12:p:6407-:d:574305
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Renaud Marti & Zhichao Li & Thibault Catry & Emmanuel Roux & Morgan Mangeas & Pascal Handschumacher & Jean Gaudart & Annelise Tran & Laurent Demagistri & Jean-François Faure & José Joaquín Carvajal & , 2020. "A Mapping Review on Urban Landscape Factors of Dengue Retrieved from Earth Observation Data, GIS Techniques, and Survey Questionnaires," Post-Print hal-02682042, HAL.
    2. Mohammed Aljoufie, 2021. "The Impact Assessment of Increasing Population Density on Jeddah Road Transportation Using Spatial-Temporal Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-17, January.
    3. Abdullah Addas & Ghassan Alserayhi, 2020. "Quantitative Evaluation of Public Open Space per Inhabitant in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Case Study of the City of Jeddah," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(2), pages 21582440209, May.
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    1. Ibrahim Alkhaldy & Ross Barnett, 2021. "Explaining Neighbourhood Variations in the Incidence of Dengue Fever in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-15, December.

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