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Hemodynamic Response to Three Types of Urban Spaces before and after Lockdown during the COVID-19 Pandemic

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  • Agnieszka Olszewska-Guizzo

    (Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech) MD6, 14 Medical Drive, #14-01, Singapore 117599, Singapore
    NeuroLandscape Foundation, Suwalska 8/78, 03-252 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Ayako Mukoyama

    (Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan)

  • Sho Naganawa

    (Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan)

  • Ippeita Dan

    (Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan)

  • Syeda Fabeha Husain

    (Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore)

  • Cyrus S. Ho

    (Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore)

  • Roger Ho

    (Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech) MD6, 14 Medical Drive, #14-01, Singapore 117599, Singapore
    Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore)

Abstract

(1) Background: Prolonged lockdowns with stay-at-home orders have been introduced in many countries since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. They have caused a drastic change in the everyday lives of people living in urbanized areas, and are considered to contribute to a modified perception of the public space. As research related to the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on mental health and well-being emerges, the associated longitudinal changes of brain hemodynamics in healthy adults remain largely unknown. (2) Methods: this study examined the hemodynamic activation patterns of the prefrontal and occipital cortices of 12 participants (5 male, M age = 47.80, SD age = 17.79, range 25 to 74, and 7 female, M age = 39.00, SD age = 18.18, range 21 to 65) passively viewing videos from three urban sites in Singapore (Urban Park, Neighborhood Landscape and City Center) at two different time points—T1, before the COVID-19 pandemic and T2, soon after the lockdown was over. (3) Results: We observed a significant and marginally significant decrease in average oxyhemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) over time for each of the visual conditions. For both green spaces (Urban Park and Neighborhood Landscape), the decrease was in the visual cortex, while for the City Center with no green elements, the marginal decrease was observed in the visual cortex and the frontal eye fields. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest that the COVID-19-related lockdown experienced by urban inhabitants may have contributed to decreased brain hemodynamics, which are further related to a heightened risk of mental health disorders, such as depression or a decline in cognitive functions. Moreover, the busy City Center scenes induced a hemodynamic pattern associated with stress and anxiety, while urban green spaces did not cause such an effect. Urban green scenes can be an important factor to offset the negative neuropsychological impact of busy urban environments post-pandemic.

Suggested Citation

  • Agnieszka Olszewska-Guizzo & Ayako Mukoyama & Sho Naganawa & Ippeita Dan & Syeda Fabeha Husain & Cyrus S. Ho & Roger Ho, 2021. "Hemodynamic Response to Three Types of Urban Spaces before and after Lockdown during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-12, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:11:p:6118-:d:569735
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Agnieszka Olszewska-Guizzo & Angelia Sia & Anna Fogel & Roger Ho, 2020. "Can Exposure to Certain Urban Green Spaces Trigger Frontal Alpha Asymmetry in the Brain?—Preliminary Findings from a Passive Task EEG Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-10, January.
    2. Achraf Ammar & Hamdi Chtourou & Omar Boukhris & Khaled Trabelsi & Liwa Masmoudi & Michael Brach & Bassem Bouaziz & Ellen Bentlage & Daniella How & Mona Ahmed & Patrick Mueller & Notger Mueller & Hsen , 2020. "COVID-19 Home Confinement Negatively Impacts Social Participation and Life Satisfaction: A Worldwide Multicenter Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-17, August.
    3. Arkaitz Castañeda-Babarro & Ane Arbillaga-Etxarri & Borja Gutiérrez-Santamaría & Aitor Coca, 2020. "Physical Activity Change during COVID-19 Confinement," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-10, September.
    4. Krzysztof Herman & Leon Ciechanowski & Aleksandra Przegalińska, 2021. "Emotional Well-Being in Urban Wilderness: Assessing States of Calmness and Alertness in Informal Green Spaces (IGSs) with Muse—Portable EEG Headband," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-20, February.
    5. Dawou Joung & Geonwoo Kim & Yoonho Choi & HyoJin Lim & Soonjoo Park & Jong-Min Woo & Bum-Jin Park, 2015. "The Prefrontal Cortex Activity and Psychological Effects of Viewing Forest Landscapes in Autumn Season," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-9, June.
    6. Juyoung Lee, 2017. "Experimental Study on the Health Benefits of Garden Landscape," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-11, July.
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    1. Shiqi Wang & Ang Li, 2022. "Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdown on Use and Perception of Urban Green Spaces and Demographic Group Differences," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-18, November.
    2. Mihai Răzvan Niță & Miruna Arsene & Giorgiana Barbu & Alina Gabriela Cus & Mihail Ene & Ramona Mihaela Serban & Constantin Marian Stama & Larissa Nicoleta Stoia, 2021. "Using Social Media Data to Evaluate Urban Parks Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-15, October.
    3. Ieva Misiune, 2023. "Do We Need Different Urban Green Spaces Now? A Case Study of Preferences during Pandemics," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-16, November.
    4. Yi-Ya Hsu & Zih-Hong Lin & Chong-En Li, 2023. "Realising the Sustainable Development Goal 11.7 in the post-pandemic era – A case study of Taiwan," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 50(1), pages 162-181, January.
    5. Jiku Lee & Jinhyung Chon & Yujin Park & Junga Lee, 2023. "The Perceptions and Use of Urban Neighborhood Parks Since the Outbreak of COVID-19: A Case Study in South Korea," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-16, February.

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