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Association between Breakfast Consumption and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese College Students: A Cross-Sectional and Prospective Cohort Study

Author

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  • Zhongyu Ren

    (College of Physical Education, Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, General Administration of Sport of China, Institute of Sports Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
    These authors have contributed equally to this work as co-first authors.)

  • Jianhua Cao

    (College of Physical Education, Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, General Administration of Sport of China, Institute of Sports Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
    These authors have contributed equally to this work as co-first authors.)

  • Peng Cheng

    (College of Physical Education, Chongqing Nursing Vocational College, Chongqing 402763, China)

  • Dongzhe Shi

    (Department of Physical Education, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510520, China)

  • Bing Cao

    (Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China)

  • Guang Yang

    (School of Physical Education, Chinese Center of Exercise Epidemiology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China)

  • Siyu Liang

    (School of Physical Education, Chinese Center of Exercise Epidemiology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China)

  • Fang Du

    (School of Physical Education, Chinese Center of Exercise Epidemiology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China)

  • Nan Su

    (School of Physical Education, Chinese Center of Exercise Epidemiology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China)

  • Miao Yu

    (School of Physical Education, Chinese Center of Exercise Epidemiology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China)

  • Chaowei Zhang

    (School of Physical Education, Chinese Center of Exercise Epidemiology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China)

  • Yaru Wang

    (School of Physical Education, Chinese Center of Exercise Epidemiology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China)

  • Rui Liang

    (School of Physical Education, Chinese Center of Exercise Epidemiology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China)

  • Liya Guo

    (College of Physical Education, Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, General Administration of Sport of China, Institute of Sports Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China)

  • Li Peng

    (College of Physical Education, Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, General Administration of Sport of China, Institute of Sports Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China)

Abstract

Skipping breakfast has been suggested to increase the risk of depressive symptoms, but there is no information regarding young adults. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the frequency of breakfast consumption and the risk of depressive symptoms among Chinese college students. We investigated a cross-sectional ( n = 1060) and one-year prospective ( n = 757) relationship between the frequency of breakfast consumption and the risk of depressive symptoms. The frequency of breakfast consumption was categorized into “≤1 time/week”, “2–5 times/week”, or “≥6 times/week”. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 20-item Zung self-rating depression scale (SDS) with an SDS score of ≥50 to indicate moderate to severe depressive symptoms. In the cross-sectional analysis, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of depressive symptoms related with the breakfast consumption categories were 1.00 (reference) for ≥6 times/week, 1.761 (95% CI: 1.131, 2.742) for 2–5 times/week, and 3.780 (95% CI: 1.719, 8.311) for ≤1 time/week ( p for trend: <0.001) after adjusting for these potential confounders. Similarly, in the one-year prospective analysis, we found that 10.2% of participants was classified as having moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Multivariate logistic regressions analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between the frequency of breakfast consumption and the risk of depressive symptoms. The ORs (95% CI) for depressive symptoms with decreasing breakfast consumption frequency were 1.00 (reference) for ≥6 times/week, 2.045 (1.198, 3.491) for 2–5 times/week, and 2.722 (0.941, 7.872) for ≤1 time/week ( p for trend: 0.005). This one-year prospective cohort study showed that skipping breakfast is related to increased risk of depressive symptoms among Chinese college students. Future research using interventional or experimental studies is required to explore the causal relationship between the effects of breakfast consumption and depressive symptoms.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhongyu Ren & Jianhua Cao & Peng Cheng & Dongzhe Shi & Bing Cao & Guang Yang & Siyu Liang & Fang Du & Nan Su & Miao Yu & Chaowei Zhang & Yaru Wang & Rui Liang & Liya Guo & Li Peng, 2020. "Association between Breakfast Consumption and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese College Students: A Cross-Sectional and Prospective Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-10, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:5:p:1571-:d:326482
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jian Wang & Liuna Geng, 2019. "Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Physical and Psychological Health: Lifestyle as a Mediator," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-9, January.
    2. Xian-Yang Lei & La-Mei Xiao & Ya-Nan Liu & Ya-Min Li, 2016. "Prevalence of Depression among Chinese University Students: A Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(4), pages 1-14, April.
    3. Qin, Xuezheng & Wang, Suyin & Hsieh, Chee-Ruey, 2018. "The prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms among adults in China: Estimation based on a National Household Survey," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 271-282.
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    Cited by:

    1. Shuo Cheng & Cunxian Jia & Yongjie Wang, 2020. "Only Children Were Associated with Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms among College Students in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-14, June.
    2. Jozaa Z. AlTamimi & Naseem M. Alshwaiyat & Hana Alkhalidy & Nora A. AlFaris & Nora M. AlKehayez & Reham I. Alagal, 2022. "Breakfast Skipping among a Multi-Ethnic Population of Young Men and Relationship with Sociodemographic Determinants and Weight Status," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-11, March.
    3. Hye Jin Joo & Gyu Ri Kim & Eun-Cheol Park & Sung-In Jang, 2020. "Association between Frequency of Breakfast Consumption and Insulin Resistance Using Triglyceride-Glucose Index: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-13, May.

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