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Urbanization and Waterborne Pathogen Emergence in Low-Income Countries: Where and How to Conduct Surveys?

Author

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  • Alexandra Bastaraud

    (Laboratoire d’Hygiène des Aliments et de l’Environnement, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar)

  • Philippe Cecchi

    (MARBEC (IRD, IFREMER, UM2 and CNRS), University Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
    Centre de Recherche Océanologique (CRO), Abidjan BPV 18, Ivory Coast)

  • Pascal Handschumacher

    (IRD UMR 912 SESSTIM, INSERM-IRD-Université de Marseille II, 13000 Marseille, France)

  • Mathias Altmann

    (ISPED Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France)

  • Ronan Jambou

    (Département de Parasitologie et des insectes vecteurs, Institut Pasteur Paris, 75015 Paris, France)

Abstract

A major forthcoming sanitary issue concerns the apparition and spreading of drug-resistant microorganisms, potentially threatening millions of humans. In low-income countries, polluted urban runoff and open sewage channels are major sources of microbes. These microbes join natural microbial communities in aquatic ecosystems already impacted by various chemicals, including antibiotics. These composite microbial communities must adapt to survive in such hostile conditions, sometimes promoting the selection of antibiotic-resistant microbial strains by gene transfer. The low probability of exchanges between planktonic microorganisms within the water column may be significantly improved if their contact was facilitated by particular meeting places. This could be specifically the case within biofilms that develop on the surface of the myriads of floating macroplastics increasingly polluting urban tropical surface waters. Moreover, as uncultivable bacterial strains could be involved, analyses of the microbial communities in their whole have to be performed. This means that new-omic technologies must be routinely implemented in low- and middle-income countries to detect the appearance of resistance genes in microbial ecosystems, especially when considering the new ‘plastic context.’ We summarize the related current knowledge in this short review paper to anticipate new strategies for monitoring and surveying microbial communities.

Suggested Citation

  • Alexandra Bastaraud & Philippe Cecchi & Pascal Handschumacher & Mathias Altmann & Ronan Jambou, 2020. "Urbanization and Waterborne Pathogen Emergence in Low-Income Countries: Where and How to Conduct Surveys?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-19, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:2:p:480-:d:307768
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lisa M. Durso & Daniel N. Miller & Christopher G. Henry, 2018. "Impact of Vegetative Treatment Systems on Multiple Measures of Antibiotic Resistance in Agricultural Wastewater," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-13, June.
    2. Amarachukwu Obayiuwana & Adeniyi Ogunjobi & Min Yang & Mark Ibekwe, 2018. "Characterization of Bacterial Communities and Their Antibiotic Resistance Profiles in Wastewaters Obtained from Pharmaceutical Facilities in Lagos and Ogun States, Nigeria," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-14, June.
    3. Gregory M. Ruiz & Tonya K. Rawlings & Fred C. Dobbs & Lisa A. Drake & Timothy Mullady & Anwarul Huq & Rita R. Colwell, 2000. "Global spread of microorganisms by ships," Nature, Nature, vol. 408(6808), pages 49-50, November.
    4. Maxim Sheludchenko & Anna Padovan & Mohammad Katouli & Helen Stratton, 2016. "Removal of Fecal Indicators, Pathogenic Bacteria, Adenovirus, Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts in Waste Stabilization Ponds in Northern and Eastern Australia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-18, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Fanta D. Gutema & Bonphace Okoth & John Agira & Christine S. Amondi & Phylis J. Busienei & Sheillah Simiyu & Blessing Mberu & Daniel Sewell & Kelly K. Baker, 2024. "Spatial–Temporal Patterns in the Enteric Pathogen Contamination of Soil in the Public Environments of Low- and Middle-Income Neighborhoods in Nairobi, Kenya," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(10), pages 1-19, October.

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