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Investigating the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers: A Meta-Analysis

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  • Kavita Batra

    (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA
    Office of Research, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA)

  • Tejinder Pal Singh

    (Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Division of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA)

  • Manoj Sharma

    (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA)

  • Ravi Batra

    (Department of Information Technology and Testing Center of Excellence, Coforge, Atlanta, GA 30338, USA)

  • Nena Schvaneveldt

    (Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA)

Abstract

Previous meta-analyses were conducted during the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, which utilized a smaller pool of data. The current meta-analysis aims to provide additional (and updated) evidence related to the psychological impact among healthcare workers. The search strategy was developed by a medical librarian and bibliographical databases, including Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched for studies examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological health of healthcare workers. Articles were screened by three reviewers. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed by I 2 statistic. The random-effects model was utilized to obtain the pooled prevalence. A subgroup analysis by region, gender, quality of study, assessment methods, healthcare profession, and exposure was performed. Publication bias was assessed by Funnel plot and Egger linear regression test. Sixty-five studies met the inclusion criteria and the total sample constituted 79,437 participants. The pooled prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress syndrome, insomnia, psychological distress, and burnout was 34.4%, 31.8%, 40.3%, 11.4%, 27.8%, 46.1%, and 37.4% respectively. The subgroup analysis indicated higher anxiety and depression prevalence among females, nurses, and frontline responders than males, doctors, and second-line healthcare workers. This study highlights the need for designing a targeted intervention to improve resilience and foster post-traumatic growth among frontline responders.

Suggested Citation

  • Kavita Batra & Tejinder Pal Singh & Manoj Sharma & Ravi Batra & Nena Schvaneveldt, 2020. "Investigating the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers: A Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-33, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:23:p:9096-:d:457531
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ugo Consolo & Pierantonio Bellini & Davide Bencivenni & Cristina Iani & Vittorio Checchi, 2020. "Epidemiological Aspects and Psychological Reactions to COVID-19 of Dental Practitioners in the Northern Italy Districts of Modena and Reggio Emilia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-17, May.
    2. Seoyon Yang & Sang Gyu Kwak & Eun Jae Ko & Min Cheol Chang, 2020. "The Mental Health Burden of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Therapists," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-7, May.
    3. Alessandro Liberati & Douglas G Altman & Jennifer Tetzlaff & Cynthia Mulrow & Peter C Gøtzsche & John P A Ioannidis & Mike Clarke & P J Devereaux & Jos Kleijnen & David Moher, 2009. "The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-28, July.
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