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Youth Exposure to Hate in the Online Space: An Exploratory Analysis

Author

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  • Nigel Harriman

    (Emergency Preparedness, Research, Evaluation, and Practice Program, Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA)

  • Neil Shortland

    (Center for Terrorism and Security Studies, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA)

  • Max Su

    (Emergency Preparedness, Research, Evaluation, and Practice Program, Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
    Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA)

  • Tyler Cote

    (Operation 250, Lowell, MA 01854, USA)

  • Marcia A. Testa

    (Emergency Preparedness, Research, Evaluation, and Practice Program, Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
    Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA)

  • Elena Savoia

    (Emergency Preparedness, Research, Evaluation, and Practice Program, Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
    Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA)

Abstract

Today’s youth have extensive access to the internet and frequently engage in social networking activities using various social media platforms and devices. This is a phenomenon that hate groups are exploiting when disseminating their propaganda. This study seeks to better understand youth exposure to hateful material in the online space by exploring predictors of such exposure including demographic characteristics (age, gender, and race), academic performance, online behaviors, online disinhibition, risk perception, and parents/guardians’ supervision of online activities. We implemented a cross-sectional study design, using a paper questionnaire, in two high schools in Massachusetts (USA), focusing on students 14 to 19 years old. Logistic regression models were used to study the association between independent variables (demographics, online behaviors, risk perception, parental supervision) and exposure to hate online. Results revealed an association between exposure to hate messages in the online space and time spent online, academic performance, communicating with a stranger on social media, and benign online disinhibition. In our sample, benign online disinhibition was also associated with students’ risk of encountering someone online that tried to convince them of racist views. This study represents an important contribution to understanding youth’s risk factors of exposure to hateful material online.

Suggested Citation

  • Nigel Harriman & Neil Shortland & Max Su & Tyler Cote & Marcia A. Testa & Elena Savoia, 2020. "Youth Exposure to Hate in the Online Space: An Exploratory Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-14, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:22:p:8531-:d:446477
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sebastian Wachs & Michelle F. Wright & Ruthaychonnee Sittichai & Ritu Singh & Ramakrishna Biswal & Eun-mee Kim & Soeun Yang & Manuel Gámez-Guadix & Carmen Almendros & Katerina Flora & Vassiliki Daskal, 2019. "Associations between Witnessing and Perpetrating Online Hate in Eight Countries: The Buffering Effects of Problem-Focused Coping," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-13, October.
    2. Sebastian Wachs & Michelle F. Wright, 2018. "Associations between Bystanders and Perpetrators of Online Hate: The Moderating Role of Toxic Online Disinhibition," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-9, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Matteo Vergani & Barbara Perry & Joshua Freilich & Steven Chermak & Ryan Scrivens & Rouven Link & Daniel Kleinsman & John Betts & Muhammad Iqbal, 2024. "Mapping the scientific knowledge and approaches to defining and measuring hate crime, hate speech, and hate incidents: A systematic review," Campbell Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 20(2), June.
    2. Magdalena Celuch & Atte Oksanen & Pekka Räsänen & Matthew Costello & Catherine Blaya & Izabela Zych & Vicente J. Llorent & Ashley Reichelmann & James Hawdon, 2022. "Factors Associated with Online Hate Acceptance: A Cross-National Six-Country Study among Young Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-13, January.
    3. Elena Savoia & Nigel Walsh Harriman & Max Su & Tyler Cote & Neil Shortland, 2021. "Adolescents’ Exposure to Online Risks: Gender Disparities and Vulnerabilities Related to Online Behaviors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-16, May.

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