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Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes: Social Determination of Health

Author

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  • Samuel Raine

    (Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Davie, FL 33328, USA)

  • Amy Liu

    (Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Davie, FL 33328, USA)

  • Joel Mintz

    (Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Davie, FL 33328, USA)

  • Waseem Wahood

    (Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Davie, FL 33328, USA)

  • Kyle Huntley

    (Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Davie, FL 33328, USA)

  • Farzanna Haffizulla

    (Department of Internal Medicine, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Davie, FL 33328, USA)

Abstract

As of 18 October 2020, over 39.5 million cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 1.1 million associated deaths have been reported worldwide. It is crucial to understand the effect of social determination of health on novel COVID-19 outcomes in order to establish health justice. There is an imperative need, for policy makers at all levels, to consider socioeconomic and racial and ethnic disparities in pandemic planning. Cross-sectional analysis from COVID Boston University’s Center for Antiracist Research COVID Racial Data Tracker was performed to evaluate the racial and ethnic distribution of COVID-19 outcomes relative to representation in the United States. Representation quotients (RQs) were calculated to assess for disparity using state-level data from the American Community Survey (ACS). We found that on a national level, Hispanic/Latinx, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders, and Black people had RQs > 1, indicating that these groups are over-represented in COVID-19 incidence. Dramatic racial and ethnic variances in state-level incidence and mortality RQs were also observed. This study investigates pandemic disparities and examines some factors which inform the social determination of health. These findings are key for developing effective public policy and allocating resources to effectively decrease health disparities. Protective standards, stay-at-home orders, and essential worker guidelines must be tailored to address the social determination of health in order to mitigate health injustices, as identified by COVID-19 incidence and mortality RQs.

Suggested Citation

  • Samuel Raine & Amy Liu & Joel Mintz & Waseem Wahood & Kyle Huntley & Farzanna Haffizulla, 2020. "Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes: Social Determination of Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-16, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:21:p:8115-:d:439478
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Emily E. Wiemers & Scott Abrahams & Marwa AlFakhri & V. Joseph Hotz & Robert F. Schoeni & Judith A. Seltzer, 2020. "Disparities in Vulnerability to Severe Complications from COVID-19 in the United States," NBER Working Papers 27294, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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    3. Essam A. Rashed & Sachiko Kodera & Jose Gomez-Tames & Akimasa Hirata, 2020. "Influence of Absolute Humidity, Temperature and Population Density on COVID-19 Spread and Decay Durations: Multi-Prefecture Study in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-14, July.
    4. Sigala, Marianna, 2020. "Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 312-321.
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    Cited by:

    1. Muna Shifa & David Gordon & Murray Leibbrandt & Mary Zhang, 2022. "Socioeconomic-Related Inequalities in COVID-19 Vulnerability in South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-20, August.
    2. Dennis Ogeto Nyachoti & Nalini Ranjit & Ryan Ramphul & Leah D. Whigham & Andrew E. Springer, 2023. "Association of Social Vulnerability and COVID-19 Mortality Rates in Texas between 15 March 2020, and 21 July 2022: An Ecological Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(21), pages 1-14, October.
    3. Xue Zhang & Mildred E. Warner, 2020. "COVID-19 Policy Differences across US States: Shutdowns, Reopening, and Mask Mandates," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-17, December.

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