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Complementary Feeding: Pitfalls for Health Outcomes

Author

Listed:
  • Enza D’Auria

    (Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy)

  • Barbara Borsani

    (Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy)

  • Erica Pendezza

    (Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy)

  • Alessandra Bosetti

    (Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy)

  • Laura Paradiso

    (Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy)

  • Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti

    (Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy)

  • Elvira Verduci

    (Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy)

Abstract

The term complementary feeding is defined as the period in which a progressive reduction of breastfeeding or infant-formula feeding takes place, while the infant is gradually introduced to solid foods. It is a crucial time in the infant’s life, not only because of the rapid changes in nutritional requirements and the consequent impact on infant growth and development, but also for a generation of lifelong flavor preferences and dietary habits that will influence mid and long-term health. There is an increasing body of evidence addressing the pivotal role of nutrition, especially during the early stages of life, and its link to the onset of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and allergic diseases. It is clear that the way in which a child is introduced to complementary foods may have effects on the individual’s entire life. The aim of this review is to discuss the effects of complementary feeding timing, composition, and mode on mid and long-term health outcomes, in the light of the current evidence. Furthermore, we suggest practical tips for a healthy approach to complementary feeding, aiming at a healthy future, and highlight gaps to be filled.

Suggested Citation

  • Enza D’Auria & Barbara Borsani & Erica Pendezza & Alessandra Bosetti & Laura Paradiso & Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti & Elvira Verduci, 2020. "Complementary Feeding: Pitfalls for Health Outcomes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-19, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:21:p:7931-:d:436609
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nyaradi, Anett & Li, Jianghong & Hickling, Siobhan & Foster, Jonathan & Oddy, Wendy H., 2013. "The role of nutrition in children's neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 7, pages 1-1.
    2. Sophie Nicklaus, 2016. "Complementary Feeding Strategies to Facilitate Acceptance of Fruits and Vegetables: A Narrative Review of the Literature," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-10, November.
    3. Maria Elisabetta Baldassarre & Raffaella Panza & Ilaria Farella & Domenico Posa & Manuela Capozza & Antonio Di Mauro & Nicola Laforgia, 2020. "Vegetarian and Vegan Weaning of the Infant: How Common and How Evidence-Based? A Population-Based Survey and Narrative Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-17, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Antonio Di Mauro & Maria Elisabetta Baldassarre & Nicola Laforgia, 2020. "Eat Healthy to Live Healthy: Habits and Trends," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-3, December.
    2. Michelle Klerks & Sergio Roman & Maria Jose Bernal & Juan Francisco Haro-Vicente & Luis Manuel Sanchez-Siles, 2021. "Complementary Feeding Practices and Parental Pressure to Eat among Spanish Infants and Toddlers: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-17, February.
    3. Trish Dearlove & Andrea Begley & Jane Anne Scott & Gemma Devenish-Coleman, 2021. "Digital Marketing of Commercial Complementary Foods in Australia: An Analysis of Brand Messaging," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-12, July.
    4. Kelly Lynn Bouchard & Diana S. Grigsby-Toussaint & Katelyn Fox & Sarah Amin & Maya Vadiveloo & Mary L. Greaney & Alison Tovar, 2022. "Maternal Experiences with Discussing Complementary Feeding in Primary Care," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-15, September.

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