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Source Identification Analysis of Lead in the Blood of Japanese Children by Stable Isotope Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Mai Takagi

    (Department of Environment Systems, University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
    National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan)

  • Atsushi Tanaka

    (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan)

  • Haruhiko Seyama

    (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan)

  • Ayumi Uematsu

    (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shizuoka Children’s Hospital, Shizuoka 420-8660, Japan)

  • Masayuki Kaji

    (Shizuoka Public Health Center, Shizuoka 420-0846, Japan)

  • Jun Yoshinaga

    (Department of Environment Systems, University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
    Faculty of Life Science, Toyo University, Gunma 374-0193, Japan)

Abstract

Considering the negative effect of lead (Pb) on children’s neurodevelopment, Pb exposure should be minimized to the lowest extent possible, though the blood Pb (BPb) concentrations in Japanese children are among the lowest in the world. To identify the sources of Pb in blood, isotope ratios (IRs: 207 Pb/ 206 Pb and 208 Pb/ 206 Pb) of Pb (PbIR) in whole blood from eight Japanese children were measured by multi-collector ICP mass spectrometry. Further, samples of house dust, soil, duplicate diet, and tobacco, collected from home environments, were also measured and were compared with PbIR of blood case by case. The relative contribution of Pb in the home environment to BPb were estimated by linear programming (finding an optimal solution which satisfy the combination of IRs and intakes from various sources) when appropriate. Source apportionment for three children could be estimated, and contributions of diet, soil, and house dust were 19–34%, 0–55%, and 20–76%, respectively. PbIR for the remaining five children also suggested that non-dietary sources also contributed to Pb exposure, though quantitative contributions could not be estimated. Non-dietary sources such as soil, house dust, and passive tobacco smoke are also important contributors to Pb exposure for Japanese children based on PbIR results.

Suggested Citation

  • Mai Takagi & Atsushi Tanaka & Haruhiko Seyama & Ayumi Uematsu & Masayuki Kaji & Jun Yoshinaga, 2020. "Source Identification Analysis of Lead in the Blood of Japanese Children by Stable Isotope Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-13, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:21:p:7784-:d:434078
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Junko Kawahara & Shigeho Tanaka & Chiaki Tanaka & Yasunobu Aoki & Junzo Yonemoto, 2012. "Daily Inhalation Rate and Time‐Activity/Location Pattern in Japanese Preschool Children," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 32(9), pages 1595-1604, September.
    2. Apostolou, A. & Garcia-Esquinas, E. & Fadrowski, J.J. & McLain, P. & Weaver, V.M. & Navas-Acien, A., 2012. "Secondhand tobacco smoke: A source of lead exposure in US children and adolescents," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 102(4), pages 714-722.
    3. Lanphear, B.P. & Michael Weitzman, M.D. & Winter, N.L. & Eberly, S. & Yakir, B. & Tanner, M. & Emond, M. & Matte, T.D., 1996. "Lead-contaminated house dust and urban children's blood lead levels," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 86(10), pages 1416-1421.
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    Cited by:

    1. Adam Laycock & Simon Chenery & Elizabeth Marchant & Helen Crabbe & Ayoub Saei & Ekaterine Ruadze & Michael Watts & Giovanni S. Leonardi & Tim Marczylo, 2022. "The Use of Pb Isotope Ratios to Determine Environmental Sources of High Blood Pb Concentrations in Children: A Feasibility Study in Georgia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-18, November.
    2. Giovanni S. Leonardi & Ekaterine Ruadze & Ayoub Saei & Adam Laycock & Simon Chenery & Helen Crabbe & Elizabeth Marchant & Irma Khonelidze & Lela Sturua & Paata Imnadze & Amiran Gamkrelidze & Michael J, 2023. "Identifying Sources of Lead Exposure for Children in the Republic of Georgia, with Lead Isotope Ratios," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(20), pages 1-17, October.

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