IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v13y2016i2p214-d63802.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Exposure to PM 2.5 and Blood Lead Level in Two Populations in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Author

Listed:
  • Undarmaa Enkhbat

    (School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar-14210, Mongolia)

  • Ana M. Rule

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Carol Resnick

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA)

  • Chimedsuren Ochir

    (School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar-14210, Mongolia)

  • Purevdorj Olkhanud

    (School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar-14210, Mongolia)

  • D’Ann L. Williams

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

Approximately 60% of the households in Ulaanbaatar live in gers (a traditional Mongolian dwelling) in districts outside the legal limits of the city, without access to basic infrastructure, such as water, sewage systems, central heating, and paved roads, in contrast to apartment residents. This stark difference in living conditions creates different public health challenges for Ulaanbaatar residents. Through this research study we aim to test our hypothesis that women living in gers burning coal in traditional stoves for cooking and heating during the winter are exposed to higher concentrations of airborne PM 2.5 than women living in apartments in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, and this exposure may include exposures to lead in coal with effects on blood lead levels. This cross-sectional study recruited a total of 50 women, 40–60 years of age, from these two settings. Air sampling was carried out during peak cooking and heating times, 5:00 p.m.–11:00 p.m., using a direct-reading instrument (TSI SidePak™) and integrated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters using the SKC Personal Environmental Monitor. Blood lead level (BLL) was measured using a LeadCare II rapid field test method. In our study population, measured PM 2.5 geometric mean (GM) concentrations using the SidePak™ in the apartment group was 31.5 (95% CI:17–99) μg/m 3 , and 100 (95% CI: 67–187) μg/m 3 in ger households ( p < 0.001). The GM integrated gravimetric PM 2.5 concentrations in the apartment group were 52.8 (95% CI: 39–297) μg/m 3 and 127.8 (95% CI: 86–190) μg/m 3 in ger households ( p = 0.004). The correlation coefficient for the SidePak™ PM 2.5 concentrations and filter based PM 2.5 concentrations was r = 0.72 ( p < 0.001). Blood Lead Levels were not statistically significant different between apartment residents and ger residents ( p = 0.15). The BLL is statistically significant different ( p = 0.01) when stratified by length of exposures outside of the home. This statistically significant difference in increased BLL could be due to occupational or frequent exposure to other sources of indoor or outdoor air pollution that were not measured. Blood lead levels from our study population are the first study measurements published on women aged 40–60 years of age in Mongolia.

Suggested Citation

  • Undarmaa Enkhbat & Ana M. Rule & Carol Resnick & Chimedsuren Ochir & Purevdorj Olkhanud & D’Ann L. Williams, 2016. "Exposure to PM 2.5 and Blood Lead Level in Two Populations in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-11, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:13:y:2016:i:2:p:214-:d:63802
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/2/214/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/2/214/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Apostolou, A. & Garcia-Esquinas, E. & Fadrowski, J.J. & McLain, P. & Weaver, V.M. & Navas-Acien, A., 2012. "Secondhand tobacco smoke: A source of lead exposure in US children and adolescents," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 102(4), pages 714-722.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Miyoung Lim & Sainnyambuu Myagmarchuluun & Hyunkyung Ban & Yunhyung Hwang & Chimedsuren Ochir & Delgerzul Lodoisamba & Kiyoung Lee, 2018. "Characteristics of Indoor PM 2.5 Concentration in Gers Using Coal Stoves in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-11, November.
    2. Xuemeng Sun & Xiaoping Li & Dongying Liu & Tao Yang & Yanan Zhao & Ting Wu & Yue Cai & Yuwei Ai & Xu Zhang & Jiwen Wang & Rui Yang & Hongtao Yu & Howard W. Mielke, 2018. "Use of a Survey to Assess the Environmental Exposure and Family Perception to Lead in Children (<6 Years) in Four Valley Cities, Northwestern China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-26, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mai Takagi & Atsushi Tanaka & Haruhiko Seyama & Ayumi Uematsu & Masayuki Kaji & Jun Yoshinaga, 2020. "Source Identification Analysis of Lead in the Blood of Japanese Children by Stable Isotope Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-13, October.
    2. Sinye Lim & Mina Ha & Seung-Sik Hwang & Mia Son & Ho-Jang Kwon, 2015. "Disparities in Children’s Blood Lead and Mercury Levels According to Community and Individual Socioeconomic Positions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-17, May.
    3. Clement Kleinstreuer & Yu Feng, 2013. "Lung Deposition Analyses of Inhaled Toxic Aerosols in Conventional and Less Harmful Cigarette Smoke: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-32, September.
    4. Anne Etchevers & Philippe Glorennec & Yann Le Strat & Camille Lecoffre & Philippe Bretin & Alain Le Tertre, 2015. "Screening for Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children: Assessment of Criteria and a Proposal for New Ones in France," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-13, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:13:y:2016:i:2:p:214-:d:63802. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.