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Peer Support and Crisis-Focused Psychological Interventions Designed to Mitigate Post-Traumatic Stress Injuries among Public Safety and Frontline Healthcare Personnel: A Systematic Review

Author

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  • Gregory S. Anderson

    (Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada)

  • Paula M. Di Nota

    (Office of Graduate Studies and Applied Research, Justice Institute of British Columbia, New Westminster, BC V3L 5T4, Canada)

  • Dianne Groll

    (Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada)

  • R. Nicholas Carleton

    (Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada)

Abstract

Public safety personnel (PSP) and frontline healthcare professionals (FHP) are frequently exposed to potentially psychologically traumatic events (PPTEs), and report increased rates of post-traumatic stress injuries (PTSIs). Despite widespread implementation and repeated calls for research, effectiveness evidence for organizational post-exposure PTSI mitigation services remains lacking. The current systematic review synthesized and appraised recent (2008–December 2019) empirical research from 22 electronic databases following a population–intervention–comparison–outcome framework. Eligible studies investigated the effectiveness of organizational peer support and crisis-focused psychological interventions designed to mitigate PTSIs among PSP, FHP, and other PPTE-exposed workers. The review included 14 eligible studies ( n = 18,849 participants) that were synthesized with qualitative narrative analyses. The absence of pre–post-evaluations and the use of inconsistent outcome measures precluded quantitative meta-analysis. Thematic services included diverse programming for critical incident stress debriefing, critical incident stress management, peer support, psychological first aid, and trauma risk management. Designs included randomized control trials, retrospective cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. Outcome measures included PPTE impacts, absenteeism, substance use, suicide rates, psychiatric symptoms, risk assessments, stigma, and global assessments of functioning. Quality assessment indicated limited strength of evidence and failures to control for pre-existing PTSIs, which would significantly bias program effectiveness evaluations for reducing PTSIs post-PPTE.

Suggested Citation

  • Gregory S. Anderson & Paula M. Di Nota & Dianne Groll & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2020. "Peer Support and Crisis-Focused Psychological Interventions Designed to Mitigate Post-Traumatic Stress Injuries among Public Safety and Frontline Healthcare Personnel: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-16, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:20:p:7645-:d:431770
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Alessandro Liberati & Douglas G Altman & Jennifer Tetzlaff & Cynthia Mulrow & Peter C Gøtzsche & John P A Ioannidis & Mike Clarke & P J Devereaux & Jos Kleijnen & David Moher, 2009. "The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-28, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Marilyn Cox & Deborah Norris & Heidi Cramm & Rachel Richmond & Gregory S. Anderson, 2022. "Public Safety Personnel Family Resilience: A Narrative Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-29, April.
    2. Katie L. Andrews & Laleh Jamshidi & Jolan Nisbet & Taylor A. Teckchandani & Jill A. B. Price & Rosemary Ricciardelli & Gregory S. Anderson & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2022. "Mental Health Training, Attitudes toward Support, and Screening Positive for Mental Disorders among Canadian Coast Guard and Conservation and Protection Officers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-16, November.
    3. Liana Lentz & Lorraine Smith-MacDonald & David C. Malloy & Gregory S. Anderson & Shadi Beshai & Rosemary Ricciardelli & Suzette Bremault-Phillips & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2022. "A Qualitative Analysis of the Mental Health Training and Educational Needs of Firefighters, Paramedics, and Public Safety Communicators in Canada," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-19, June.
    4. Mayer H. Bellehsen & Haley M. Cook & Pooja Shaam & Daniella Burns & Peter D’Amico & Arielle Goldberg & Mary Beth McManus & Manish Sapra & Lily Thomas & Annmarie Wacha-Montes & George Zenzerovich & Pat, 2024. "Adapting the Stress First Aid Model for Frontline Healthcare Workers during COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(2), pages 1-14, February.
    5. Gloria Obuobi-Donkor & Reham Shalaby & Ejemai Eboreime & Belinda Agyapong & Natalie Phung & Scarlett Eyben & Kristopher Wells & Carla Hilario & Raquel da Luz Dias & Chelsea Jones & Suzette Brémault-Ph, 2023. "Text4PTSI: A Promising Supportive Text Messaging Program to Mitigate Psychological Symptoms in Public Safety Personnel," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-15, February.
    6. Justin Mausz & Elizabeth Anne Donnelly & Sandra Moll & Sheila Harms & Meghan McConnell, 2022. "Mental Disorder Symptoms and the Relationship with Resilience among Paramedics in a Single Canadian Site," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-14, April.
    7. Geneviève Jessiman-Perreault & Peter M. Smith & Monique A. M. Gignac, 2021. "Why Are Workplace Social Support Programs Not Improving the Mental Health of Canadian Correctional Officers? An Examination of the Theoretical Concepts Underpinning Support," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-11, March.
    8. Chelsea Jones & Shaylee Spencer & Elly O’Greysik & Lorraine Smith-MacDonald & Katherine S. Bright & Amy J. Beck & R. Nicholas Carleton & Lisa Burback & Andrew Greenshaw & Yanbo Zhang & Phillip R. Sevi, 2024. "Perspectives and Experiences of Public Safety Personnel Engaged in a Peer-Led Workplace Reintegration Program Post Critical Incident or Operational Stress Injury: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(7), pages 1-21, July.
    9. Jill A. B. Price & Caeleigh A. Landry & Jeff Sych & Malcolm McNeill & Andrea M. Stelnicki & Aleiia J. N. Asmundson & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2022. "Assessing the Perceptions and Impact of Critical Incident Stress Management Peer Support among Firefighters and Paramedics in Canada," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-12, April.
    10. Jill A. B. Price & Adeyemi O. Ogunade & Amber J. Fletcher & Rosemary Ricciardelli & Gregory S. Anderson & Heidi Cramm & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2022. "Peer Support for Public Safety Personnel in Canada: Towards a Typology," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-11, April.
    11. Nicola Magnavita & Carlo Chiorri & Daniela Acquadro Maran & Sergio Garbarino & Reparata Rosa Di Prinzio & Martina Gasbarri & Carmela Matera & Anna Cerrina & Maddalena Gabriele & Marcella Labella, 2022. "Organizational Justice and Health: A Survey in Hospital Workers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-10, August.

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