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Association of Summer Heat Waves and the Probability of Preterm Birth in Minnesota: An Exploration of the Intersection of Race and Education

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  • M. Luke Smith

    (Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
    Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA)

  • Rachel R. Hardeman

    (Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
    Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
    Measuring & Operationalizing Racism to achieve Health Equity Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA)

Abstract

Preterm birth (PTB) is common and has negative impacts on infant health. While some maternal risk factors have been identified, including age under 20 or over 40, substance abuse, low BMI, and racism, less is known about the impact of environmental exposures like high heat. We combined 154,157 records of live births occurring in Minnesota between 2009 and 2015 with hourly weather records collected from the Minneapolis–St. Paul airport. We tested if maternal heat wave exposure (a seven-day period with a mean daily high temp of 37 °C) immediately prior to birth leads to a higher risk of preterm birth. Additional covariates included maternal age, race/ethnicity, educational status, and residence in the seven-county Minneapolis–St. Paul metro area. Pregnant women exposed to a seven-day heat wave of 37 °C or higher experienced a higher relative risk of PTB compared to women who did not experience a heat wave (1.14 risk ratio (RR), 1.0–1.3 95% confidence interval (CI)). The result is robust to controls for a woman’s age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, place of residence, and year of the birth. Children born to Black women with college degrees who are exposed to heat waves experience a higher relative risk of PTB compared to White women with college degrees in a heat wave (2.97 RR, 1.5–6.1 95% CI). Summer heat waves are associated with higher risk of PTB in late-term pregnancies in Minnesota.

Suggested Citation

  • M. Luke Smith & Rachel R. Hardeman, 2020. "Association of Summer Heat Waves and the Probability of Preterm Birth in Minnesota: An Exploration of the Intersection of Race and Education," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-12, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:17:p:6391-:d:407734
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Braveman, P.A. & Heck, K. & Egerter, S. & Marchi, K.S. & Dominguez, T.P. & Cubbin, C. & Fingar, K. & Pearson, J.A. & Curtis, M., 2015. "The role of socioeconomic factors in Black-White disparities in preterm birth," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 105(4), pages 694-702.
    2. Jackson Voelkel & Dana Hellman & Ryu Sakuma & Vivek Shandas, 2018. "Assessing Vulnerability to Urban Heat: A Study of Disproportionate Heat Exposure and Access to Refuge by Socio-Demographic Status in Portland, Oregon," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-14, March.
    3. Jennyfer Wolf & Ben Armstrong, 2012. "The Association of Season and Temperature with Adverse Pregnancy Outcome in Two German States, a Time-Series Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(7), pages 1-8, July.
    4. Reagan, Patricia B. & Salsberry, Pamela J., 2005. "Race and ethnic differences in determinants of preterm birth in the USA: broadening the social context," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 60(10), pages 2217-2228, May.
    5. Tiffany Smith & Benjamin Zaitchik & Julia Gohlke, 2013. "Heat waves in the United States: definitions, patterns and trends," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 118(3), pages 811-825, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Sarah Syed & Tracey L. O’Sullivan & Karen P. Phillips, 2022. "Extreme Heat and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Scoping Review of the Epidemiological Evidence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-16, February.
    2. Yohani Dalugoda & Jyothi Kuppa & Hai Phung & Shannon Rutherford & Dung Phung, 2022. "Effect of Elevated Ambient Temperature on Maternal, Foetal, and Neonatal Outcomes: A Scoping Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-22, February.
    3. Ryne J. Veenema & Lori A. Hoepner & Laura A. Geer, 2023. "Climate Change-Related Environmental Exposures and Perinatal and Maternal Health Outcomes in the U.S," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-12, January.

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