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The Health Opportunity Index: Understanding the Input to Disparate Health Outcomes in Vulnerable and High-Risk Census Tracts

Author

Listed:
  • Chinonso N. Ogojiaku

    (Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, 408 Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
    Contributed equally to the work.)

  • JC Allen

    (Office of Health Equity, Ohio Department of Health, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
    Contributed equally to the work.)

  • Rexford Anson-Dwamena

    (Office of Health Equity, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA 23219, USA)

  • Kierra S. Barnett

    (The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201, USA)

  • Olorunfemi Adetona

    (Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, 408 Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA)

  • Wansoo Im

    (Division of Public Health, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA)

  • Darryl B. Hood

    (Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, 408 Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA)

Abstract

The Health Opportunity Index (HOI) is a multivariate tool that can be more efficiently used to identify and understand the interplay of complex social determinants of health (SDH) at the census tract level that influences the ability to achieve optimal health. The derivation of the HOI utilizes the data-reduction technique of principal component analysis to determine the impact of SDH on optimal health at lower census geographies. In the midst of persistent health disparities and the present COVID-19 pandemic, we demonstrate the potential utility of using 13-input variables to derive a composite metric of health (HOI) score as a means to assist in the identification of the most vulnerable communities during the current pandemic. Using GIS mapping technology, health opportunity indices were layered by counties in Ohio to highlight differences by census tract. Collectively we demonstrate that our HOI framework, principal component analysis and convergence analysis methodology coalesce to provide results supporting the utility of this framework in the three largest counties in Ohio: Franklin (Columbus), Cuyahoga (Cleveland), and Hamilton (Cincinnati). The results in this study identified census tracts that were also synonymous with communities that were at risk for disparate COVID-19 related health outcomes. In this regard, convergence analyses facilitated identification of census tracts where different disparate health outcomes co-exist at the worst levels. Our results suggest that effective use of the HOI composite score and subcomponent scores to identify specific SDH can guide mitigation/intervention practices, thus creating the potential for better targeting of mitigation and intervention strategies for vulnerable communities, such as during the current pandemic.

Suggested Citation

  • Chinonso N. Ogojiaku & JC Allen & Rexford Anson-Dwamena & Kierra S. Barnett & Olorunfemi Adetona & Wansoo Im & Darryl B. Hood, 2020. "The Health Opportunity Index: Understanding the Input to Disparate Health Outcomes in Vulnerable and High-Risk Census Tracts," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-17, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:16:p:5767-:d:396910
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Paul D. Juarez & Patricia Matthews-Juarez & Darryl B. Hood & Wansoo Im & Robert S. Levine & Barbara J. Kilbourne & Michael A. Langston & Mohammad Z. Al-Hamdan & William L. Crosson & Maurice G. Estes &, 2014. "The Public Health Exposome: A Population-Based, Exposure Science Approach to Health Disparities Research," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-30, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Mikyung Baek & Michael B. Outrich & Kierra S. Barnett & Jason Reece, 2021. "Neighborhood-Level Lead Paint Hazard for Children under 6: A Tool for Proactive and Equitable Intervention," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-20, March.
    2. Anastasia Zelenina & Svetlana Shalnova & Sergey Maksimov & Oksana Drapkina, 2022. "Characteristics of Composite Deprivation Indices Used in Public Health: A Scoping Review Protocol," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-7, August.
    3. Heather Lochotzki & Karen Patricia Williams & Cynthia G. Colen & Olorunfemi Adetona & Charleta B. Tavares & Georgina M. Ginn & Rejeana Haynes & Wansoo Im & Tanya Bils & Darryl B. Hood, 2022. "A Framework for Interfacing and Partnering with Environmental Justice Communities as a Prelude to Human Health and Hazard Identification in the Vulnerable Census Tracts of Columbus, Ohio," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-18, October.
    4. Nicolas Aguilar-Farias & Francisca Roman Mella & Andrea Cortinez-O’Ryan & Jaime Carcamo-Oyarzun & Alvaro Cerda & Marcelo Toledo-Vargas & Sebastian Miranda-Marquez & Susana Cortes-Morales & Teresa Balb, 2022. "Redrawing Cities with Children and Adolescents: Development of a Framework and Opportunity Index for Wellbeing—The REDibuja Study Protocol," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-13, April.
    5. Serrano-Bosquet, Francisco Javier & Carreño Correa, Lina María & Giorgi, Emanuele, 2023. "Review: technological resources for vulnerable communities," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).

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