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Correlates of Depressive Symptoms among Middle-Aged and Older Homeless Adults Using the 9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire

Author

Listed:
  • Lin-Yun Wang

    (Department of Family Studies and Child Development, Shih Chien University, Taipei 104, Taiwan)

  • Lan-Ping Lin

    (Department of Senior Citizen Care and Welfare, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung 203, Taiwan)

  • Yun-Cheng Chen

    (School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 144, Taiwan)

  • Tai-Wen Wang

    (School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 144, Taiwan)

  • Jin-Ding Lin

    (Institute of Long-Term Care, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan)

Abstract

This study investigates the screening for depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older homeless adults based on Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and examines the possible factors associated with their major depressive symptoms. A cross-sectional survey was employed, and research subjects included 129 homeless people aged 45 years old and over in Taipei Wanhua District and Taipei Main Station. We used a structured questionnaire and face-to-face interview conducted by three social workers to collect data in the analyses. The content of the questionnaire included an informed consent form, demographic characteristics, enabling and need factors of healthcare, and PHQ-9 of homeless people. Results revealed that 15.5% respondents were free of depressive symptoms, 16.3% had mild level (score 5–9), 31.8% had moderate level (score 10–14), 26.4% had moderately severe level (score 15–19), and 10.1% had severe level of depressive symptoms (score 20–27). Adopting a PHQ-9 score 10 as a cut-off point for major depressive symptoms, 68.3% of middle-aged and older homeless adults were the cases needing to be referred to healthcare settings for further recheck in the near future. A multiple regression analysis found gender, age, and usage of psychiatric outpatient care were associated with major depressive symptom occurrence. The female participants were less likely to have major depressive symptoms than the male participants (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.09–0.96). The elderly participants were more likely to have major depressive symptoms than the aged 45–54 years (OR = 5.29, 95% CI = 1.44–19.41). Those participants who have ever used psychiatric outpatient care were significantly more correlated with the occurrence of major depressive symptoms than their counterparts (OR = 3.65, 95% CI = 1.46–9.09). The present study suggests that in the future health policy should eliminate the risk factors of depressive symptoms and improve mental healthcare access, to improve the health and wellbeing of the homeless population.

Suggested Citation

  • Lin-Yun Wang & Lan-Ping Lin & Yun-Cheng Chen & Tai-Wen Wang & Jin-Ding Lin, 2020. "Correlates of Depressive Symptoms among Middle-Aged and Older Homeless Adults Using the 9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-14, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:13:p:4754-:d:379298
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Caton, C.L.M. & Dominguez, B. & Schanzer, B. & Hasin, D.S. & Shrout, P.E. & Felix, A. & McQuistion, H. & Opler, L.A. & Hsu, E., 2005. "Risk factors for long-term homelessness: Findings from a longitudinal study of first-time homeless single adults," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 95(10), pages 1753-1759.
    2. Stéphanie Vandentorren & Pierre Chauvin, 2018. "Health and Health Care for Homeless People in Various Contexts," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-2, May.
    3. Zlotnick, C. & Zerger, S. & Wolfe, P.B., 2013. "Health care for the homeless: What we have learned in the past 30 years and what's next," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 103(S2), pages 199-205.
    4. Amanda Stafford & Lisa Wood, 2017. "Tackling Health Disparities for People Who Are Homeless? Start with Social Determinants," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-12, December.
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