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Bed Bugs (Hemiptera, Cimicidae): Overview of Classification, Evolution and Dispersion

Author

Listed:
  • Mohammad Akhoundi

    (Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France)

  • Denis Sereno

    (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier University, MIVEGEC, 34032 Montpellier, France
    Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier University, InterTryp, 34032 Montpellier, France)

  • Remy Durand

    (Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France)

  • Asad Mirzaei

    (Parasitology Department, Paramedical School, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 6931851147 Ilam, Iran
    Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 6931851147 Ilam, Iran)

  • Christiane Bruel

    (Agence Régionale de Santé (ARS) Île-de-France, 75935 Paris 19, France)

  • Pascal Delaunay

    (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier University, MIVEGEC, 34032 Montpellier, France
    Service Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU Nice), 06202 Nice, France)

  • Pierre Marty

    (Service Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU Nice), 06202 Nice, France
    Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3 M, Université Côte d’Azur, 06204 Nice, France)

  • Arezki Izri

    (Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
    Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France)

Abstract

The bed bugs ( Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus ) have undergone a significant resurgence worldwide since the 1990s. A compilation of findings from a database, including 2650 scientific publications from seven major medical databases, allowed us to document main evolutionary events, from fossil evidence, dating from 11,000 years ago, until the present that has led to the current worldwide expansion of Cimicid species. We present the hypotheses on the possible dispersion pathways of bed bugs in light of the major historical and evolutionary events. A detailed classification of the Cimicidae family and finally, an illustrative map displaying the current distribution of known Cimex species in each geographical ecozone of Asia, Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Australia are presented.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammad Akhoundi & Denis Sereno & Remy Durand & Asad Mirzaei & Christiane Bruel & Pascal Delaunay & Pierre Marty & Arezki Izri, 2020. "Bed Bugs (Hemiptera, Cimicidae): Overview of Classification, Evolution and Dispersion," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-20, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:12:p:4576-:d:376187
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Mohammad Akhoundi & Dahlia Chebbah & Denis Sereno & Anthony Marteau & Julie Jan & Christiane Bruel & Nohal Elissa & Arezki Izri, 2021. "Widespread Mutations in Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Gene of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Populations in Paris," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-8, January.

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