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Monitoring and Assessment of Water Level Fluctuations of the Lake Urmia and Its Environmental Consequences Using Multitemporal Landsat 7 ETM + Images

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  • Viet-Ha Nhu

    (Geographic Information Science Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
    Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam)

  • Ayub Mohammadi

    (Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran)

  • Himan Shahabi

    (Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran
    Board Member of Department of Zrebar Lake Environmental Research, Kurdistan Studies Institute, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran)

  • Ataollah Shirzadi

    (Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran)

  • Nadhir Al-Ansari

    (Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden)

  • Baharin Bin Ahmad

    (Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia)

  • Wei Chen

    (College of Geology & Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
    Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Exploration and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi’an 710021, China)

  • Masood Khodadadi

    (School of Business and Creative Industries, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK)

  • Mehdi Ahmadi

    (Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran)

  • Khabat Khosravi

    (School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada)

  • Abolfazl Jaafari

    (Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran P.O. Box 64414-356, Iran)

  • Hoang Nguyen

    (Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam)

Abstract

The declining water level in Lake Urmia has become a significant issue for Iranian policy and decision makers. This lake has been experiencing an abrupt decrease in water level and is at real risk of becoming a complete saline land. Because of its position, assessment of changes in the Lake Urmia is essential. This study aims to evaluate changes in the water level of Lake Urmia using the space-borne remote sensing and GIS techniques. Therefore, multispectral Landsat 7 ETM + images for the years 2000, 2010, and 2017 were acquired. In addition, precipitation and temperature data for 31 years between 1986 and 2017 were collected for further analysis. Results indicate that the increased temperature (by 19%), decreased rainfall of about 62%, and excessive damming in the Urmia Basin along with mismanagement of water resources are the key factors in the declining water level of Lake Urmia. Furthermore, the current research predicts the potential environmental crisis as the result of the lake shrinking and suggests a few possible alternatives. The insights provided by this study can be beneficial for environmentalists and related organizations working on this and similar topics.

Suggested Citation

  • Viet-Ha Nhu & Ayub Mohammadi & Himan Shahabi & Ataollah Shirzadi & Nadhir Al-Ansari & Baharin Bin Ahmad & Wei Chen & Masood Khodadadi & Mehdi Ahmadi & Khabat Khosravi & Abolfazl Jaafari & Hoang Nguyen, 2020. "Monitoring and Assessment of Water Level Fluctuations of the Lake Urmia and Its Environmental Consequences Using Multitemporal Landsat 7 ETM + Images," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-18, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:12:p:4210-:d:370812
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Emdadi, Arash & Gikas, Petros & Farazaki, Maria & Emami, Yunus, 2016. "Salinity gradient energy potential at the hyper saline Urmia Lake – ZarrinehRud River system in Iran," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 154-162.
    2. Elmira Hassanzadeh & Mahdi Zarghami & Yousef Hassanzadeh, 2012. "Determining the Main Factors in Declining the Urmia Lake Level by Using System Dynamics Modeling," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 26(1), pages 129-145, January.
    3. Kisi, Ozgur & Shiri, Jalal & Karimi, Sepideh & Shamshirband, Shahaboddin & Motamedi, Shervin & Petković, Dalibor & Hashim, Roslan, 2015. "A survey of water level fluctuation predicting in Urmia Lake using support vector machine with firefly algorithm," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 270(C), pages 731-743.
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