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Understanding Needs Satisfaction and Frustration in Young Athletes: Factor Structure and Invariance Analysis

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  • Diogo Monteiro

    (Sport Science Scholl of Rio Maior—Polytechnique Institute of Santarém (ESDRM—IPS), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
    Research Centre in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal)

  • Luís Cid

    (Sport Science Scholl of Rio Maior—Polytechnique Institute of Santarém (ESDRM—IPS), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
    Research Centre in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal)

  • Diogo S. Teixeira

    (Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University (FEFD—ULHT), 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
    Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal)

  • Teresa Fonseca

    (Polytechnic Institute of Guarda (IPG), 6300-035 Guarda, Portugal
    Centro de Investigação Formação Inovação e Intervenção em Desporto (CIFI2D), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
    Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Santarém, Portugal)

  • Pedro Duarte-Mendes

    (Polytechnique Institute of Castelo-Branco (IPCB), 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal
    Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU—IPCB), 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal)

  • Luís M. Silva

    (Kinesiolab, Piaget Institute, 2805-059 Almada, Portugal
    Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska—Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
    Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal
    CLISSIS, Lusíada University of Lisbon, 1349-001 Lisbon, Portugal)

  • Filipe Rodrigues

    (Sport Science Scholl of Rio Maior—Polytechnique Institute of Santarém (ESDRM—IPS), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
    Research Centre in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
    Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Santarém, Portugal)

Abstract

Sports research has been focused on the assessment of basic needs satisfaction, considering its absence as a representation of needs frustration. However, recent findings have suggested needs satisfaction and frustration as asymmetrical factors leading to differentiated outcomes. An accurate measurement of needs poses itself as a crucial aspect, facilitating coaches’ understanding of athlete’s motivational processes. This study aimed to examine the psychometric proprieties of the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) in a sample of Portuguese athletes. A multigroup analysis was conducted of gender, sport type, age, and years of sports practice. Additionally, needs satisfaction and needs frustration were tested as predictors of behavioral regulations examining the nomological validity of the BPNSFS. Data from 594 Portuguese athletes (38.6% female; M age = 15.21; SD = 0.97) that represent two different sports (football and swimming) were analyzed. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling procedures were followed to test the factor structure and nomological validity of the scale, respectively. Analyses indicated that the six-factor model provided an adequate fit (Comparative Fit Index = 0.947, Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.936, Standardized Root Mean Square = 0.039, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.048 (CI 90% = 0.043, 0.054)). Moreover, the multigroup analysis suggested invariance in the observed structure across groups. In addition, findings indicated a strong prediction between needs satisfaction and autonomous forms of motivation, whereas needs frustration predicted significantly controlled forms of motivation. The sport-adapted BPNSFS in a sample of Portuguese athletes seemed to be an adequate measure for the assessment of basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration. Our findings suggested that this scale may be worth testing in future research in the sport context.

Suggested Citation

  • Diogo Monteiro & Luís Cid & Diogo S. Teixeira & Teresa Fonseca & Pedro Duarte-Mendes & Luís M. Silva & Filipe Rodrigues, 2020. "Understanding Needs Satisfaction and Frustration in Young Athletes: Factor Structure and Invariance Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-17, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:11:p:4046-:d:367977
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ana Rodríguez-Meirinhos & Lucía Antolín-Suárez & Katrijn Brenning & Maarten Vansteenkiste & Alfredo Oliva, 2020. "A Bright and a Dark Path to Adolescents’ Functioning: The Role of Need Satisfaction and Need Frustration Across Gender, Age, and Socioeconomic Status," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 95-116, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Dan Iulian Alexe & Beatrice Aurelia Abalasei & Gabriel Mares & Bogdan Constantin Rata & Teodora Mihaela Iconomescu & Georgeta Mitrache & Rafael Burgueño, 2022. "Psychometric Assessment of the Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale with Professional Romanian Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-14, February.

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