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Geographic Inequalities in Accessing Improved Water and Sanitation Facilities in Nepal

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  • Chao Wang

    (School of Public Policy & Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China)

  • Jing Pan

    (School of Public Policy & Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China)

  • Sanni Yaya

    (Faculté de médecine, Université de Parakou, Parakou BP 123, Benin)

  • Ram Bilash Yadav

    (Social Research Development Centre, Janakpur 03, Nepal)

  • Dechao Yao

    (School of Public Administration, Hunan University of Finance and Economics, Changsha 410205, China)

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to assess the geographic inequalities in access to improved water and sanitation facilities among Nepalese households. We conducted this study based on cross-sectional data obtained from Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys. The quality of water sources and sanitation were defined by World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The geographic categories used in the analyses included developmental region, ecological zone, and urbanicity. Percentages of households having access to improved toilet (5.6% in 1996 vs. 40.5% in 2016) and water (19.3% in 1996 vs. 27% in 2016) facilities has been increasing steadily since 1996 with a great proportion of the households still lacking access to these services. The number of households sharing the same toilet and traveling time to reach water sources have also decreased at the same time. Households in Far Western and Mountains had the lowest odds of having access to improved toilet and water facilities. Noticeable progress has been achieved in improving WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) coverage at national level, however, it is uneven across developmental and ecological zones. Households in the Far Western and Mountain regions appeared to be the most geographically disadvantaged in terms of having access to improved water and sanitation facilities.

Suggested Citation

  • Chao Wang & Jing Pan & Sanni Yaya & Ram Bilash Yadav & Dechao Yao, 2019. "Geographic Inequalities in Accessing Improved Water and Sanitation Facilities in Nepal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-13, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:7:p:1269-:d:221148
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Guy Hutton & Claire Chase, 2016. "The Knowledge Base for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal Targets on Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-35, May.
    2. Abhilasha Karkey & Thibaut Jombart & Alan W Walker & Corinne N Thompson & Andres Torres & Sabina Dongol & Nga Tran Vu Thieu & Duy Pham Thanh & Dung Tran Thi Ngoc & Phat Voong Vinh & Andrew C Singer & , 2016. "The Ecological Dynamics of Fecal Contamination and Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A in Municipal Kathmandu Drinking Water," PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(1), pages 1-18, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Thapa,Dikshya & Farid,Muhammad Noor & Prevost,Christophe, 2021. "Governance Drivers of Rural Water Sustainability : Collaboration in Frontline Service Delivery," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9798, The World Bank.
    2. Shalik Ram Dhital & Catherine Chojenta & Tiffany-Jane Evans & Tri Dev Acharya & Deborah Loxton, 2022. "Prevalence and Correlates of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) and Spatial Distribution of Unimproved WASH in Nepal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-16, March.
    3. Naseeha Islam & Pramesh Koju & Reetu Manandhar & Sudip Shrestha & Charlotte Smith, 2020. "Assessing the Impacts of Relative Wealth and Geospatial Factors on Water Access in Rural Nepal: A Community Case Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-13, September.

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