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Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Suitability Assessment of Groundwater: A Case Study in Central Sindh, Pakistan

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  • Muhammad Afnan Talib

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China)

  • Zhonghua Tang

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China)

  • Asfandyar Shahab

    (College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China)

  • Jamil Siddique

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China)

  • Muhammad Faheem

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China)

  • Mehak Fatima

    (Department of Dermatology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

Abstract

Groundwater is the most important water resource, on which depends human geo-economic development and survival. Recent environmental changes and anthropogenic activities render groundwater severely vulnerable. Groundwater in Central Sindh, Pakistan, is facing a similar situation. Hydrogeochemical characteristics of the groundwater in the said region were investigated by analyzing 59 groundwater samples via agricultural and drinking indices, using various statistical methods and graphical approaches to identify factors affecting groundwater. Major reactions occurring in the groundwater system were quantified by hydrogeochemical modeling. A statistical summary reveals the abundance of cations is Na + > Ca 2+ > Mg 2+ > K + , while the abundance of anions is HCO 3 − > Cl − > SO 4 2 . Groundwater chemistry is mainly of rock dominance. Correlation analysis and graphical relationships between ions reveal that ion exchange and rock weathering such as the dissolution of halite, albite, and dissolution of carbonate minerals are important rock–water interactions, governing the evolution of groundwater chemistry. Hydrochemical facies are predominantly of mixed CaMgCl and Na-Cl type, with few samples of Ca-HCO 3 type, which constitutes fresh recharged water. Based on the Water Quality Index (WQI), 28.82% samples were found to be unsuitable for drinking. A United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram, Wilcox diagram, and other agricultural indices indicate that majority of the groundwater samples fall within the acceptable range for irrigation purposes.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Afnan Talib & Zhonghua Tang & Asfandyar Shahab & Jamil Siddique & Muhammad Faheem & Mehak Fatima, 2019. "Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Suitability Assessment of Groundwater: A Case Study in Central Sindh, Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-21, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:5:p:886-:d:212807
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    4. Kunhua Yang & Guilin Han & Chao Song & Peng Zhang, 2019. "Stable H-O Isotopic Composition and Water Quality Assessment of Surface Water and Groundwater: A Case Study in the Dabie Mountains, Central China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-17, October.
    5. Yongxiang Zhang & Ruitao Jia & Jin Wu & Huaqing Wang & Zhuoran Luo, 2021. "Evaluation of Groundwater Using an Integrated Approach of Entropy Weight and Stochastic Simulation: A Case Study in East Region of Beijing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-18, July.
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    7. Zhi Tu & Yinzhu Zhou & Jinlong Zhou & Shuangbao Han & Jinwei Liu & Jiangtao Liu & Ying Sun & Fangyuan Yang, 2023. "Identification and Risk Assessment of Priority Control Organic Pollutants in Groundwater in the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, P.R. China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-21, January.
    8. Love Kumar & Ramna Kumari & Avinash Kumar & Imran Aziz Tunio & Claudio Sassanelli, 2023. "Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-38, April.

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