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Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Air-Conditioning Systems in Hospitals, Farms, and Residences

Author

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  • Yaying Li

    (Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
    Ningbo Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station—NUEORS, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China)

  • Hongkai Liao

    (Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
    Ningbo Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station—NUEORS, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China)

  • Huaiying Yao

    (Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
    Ningbo Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station—NUEORS, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China
    Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China)

Abstract

High-throughput quantitative PCR combined with Illumina sequencing and network analysis were used to characterize the antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in air-conditioning filters from different environments. In total, 177 ARGs comprising 10 ARG types were determined. The detectable numbers and the relative abundance of ARGs in hospitals and farms were significantly higher than those in city and village residences. Compared to hospitals, farms had a higher level of tetracycline, multidrug, integrase, and macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin (MLS) B resistance genes but a lower level of beta-lactam resistance genes. The bl3_cpha gene was the most abundant resistance gene subtype in hospital samples with an abundance of 2.01 × 10 −4 copies/16S rRNA, while a level of only 5.08 × 10 −12 copies/16S rRNA was observed in farm samples. There was no significant difference in bacterial diversity among the hospitals, farms, and residences, and Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum. Network analysis revealed that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were possible hosts of the beta-lactam, MLSB, aminoglycoside, multidrug, sulfonamide, and tetracycline resistance genes. The results demonstrate that ARGs exist in indoor environments and that farms and hospitals are important sources. This study provides a useful reference for understanding the distribution patterns and risk management of ARGs in indoor environments.

Suggested Citation

  • Yaying Li & Hongkai Liao & Huaiying Yao, 2019. "Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Air-Conditioning Systems in Hospitals, Farms, and Residences," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-14, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:5:p:683-:d:209100
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wei Jia & Gang Li & Wen Wang, 2014. "Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus Species: A Hospital-Based Study in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-19, March.
    2. Kevin J. Forsberg & Sanket Patel & Molly K. Gibson & Christian L. Lauber & Rob Knight & Noah Fierer & Gautam Dantas, 2014. "Bacterial phylogeny structures soil resistomes across habitats," Nature, Nature, vol. 509(7502), pages 612-616, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Nazima Habibi & Saif Uddin & Montaha Behbehani & Abu Salim Mustafa & Wadha Al-Fouzan & Hanan A. Al-Sarawi & Hussain Safar & Fatemah Alatar & Rima M. Z. Al Sawan, 2024. "Aerosol-Mediated Spread of Antibiotic Resistance Genes: Biomonitoring Indoor and Outdoor Environments," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(8), pages 1-18, July.

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