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Biological Composition of Respirable Particulate Matter in an Industrial Vicinity in South Africa

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  • Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo

    (Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
    Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria)

  • Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu

    (Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa)

  • Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola

    (Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa)

  • Tshifhiwa Godobedzha

    (Air Quality Management, Environment and Agriculture Management Department, City of Tshwane Municipality Private Bag 440, Pretoria 0001, South Africa)

Abstract

There is a growing concern that exposure to particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) with biological composition (bioaerosols) may play a key role in the prevalence of adverse health outcomes in humans. This study determined the bacterial and fungal concentrations in PM 2.5 and their inhalation health risks in an industrial vicinity in South Africa. Samples of PM 2.5 collected on a 47-mm glass fiber filter during winter and summer months were analysed for bacterial and fungal content using standard methods. The health risks from inhalation of bioaerosols were done by estimating the age-specific dose rate. The concentration of bacteria (168–378 CFU/m 3 ) was higher than fungi (58–155 CFU/m 3 ). Bacterial and fungal concentrations in PM 2.5 were lower in winter than in the summer season. Bacteria identified in summer were similar to those identified in winter: Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., Flavobacterium sp., Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Moreover, the fungal floras identified include Cladosporium spp ., Aspergillus spp ., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp. Children inhaled a higher dose of bacterial and fungal aerosols than adults. Bacteria and fungi are part of the bioaerosol components of PM 2.5. Bioaerosol exposure may present additional health risks for children.

Suggested Citation

  • Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo & Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu & Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola & Tshifhiwa Godobedzha, 2019. "Biological Composition of Respirable Particulate Matter in an Industrial Vicinity in South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-14, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:4:p:629-:d:207804
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Anna Mainka & Elwira Zajusz-Zubek, 2015. "Indoor Air Quality in Urban and Rural Preschools in Upper Silesia, Poland: Particulate Matter and Carbon Dioxide," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-15, July.
    2. Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo & Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu & Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola & Raymond Paul Hunter, 2016. "Health Outcomes of Exposure to Biological and Chemical Components of Inhalable and Respirable Particulate Matter," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-22, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo & Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola & Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu, 2021. "Health Risk Analysis of Elemental Components of an Industrially Emitted Respirable Particulate Matter in an Urban Area," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-13, April.
    2. Ling Zhang & Changjin Ou & Dhammika Magana-Arachchi & Meththika Vithanage & Kanth Swaroop Vanka & Thava Palanisami & Kanaji Masakorala & Hasintha Wijesekara & Yubo Yan & Nanthi Bolan & M. B. Kirkham, 2021. "Indoor Particulate Matter in Urban Households: Sources, Pathways, Characteristics, Health Effects, and Exposure Mitigation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-33, October.

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