IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v16y2019i20p3793-d274475.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Linkages with Stunting in Rural Ethiopia

Author

Listed:
  • Corina Shika Kwami

    (Department of Civil, Environment and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Chadwick Building, London WC1E6BT, UK)

  • Samuel Godfrey

    (United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Regional Water and Sanitation Advisor for East and Southern Africa, Nairobi 00100, Kenya)

  • Hippolyte Gavilan

    (Department of Civil, Environment and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Chadwick Building, London WC1E6BT, UK)

  • Monica Lakhanpaul

    (UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
    Whittington Health NHS Trust, London N19 5NF, UK)

  • Priti Parikh

    (Department of Civil, Environment and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Chadwick Building, London WC1E6BT, UK)

Abstract

Stunting is a global burden affecting nearly 160 million children younger than five years of age. Whilst the linkages between nutrition and stunting are well recognized, there is a need to explore environmental factors such as water and sanitation, which may influence feeding practices and result in potential infection pathways. This paper explores the linkages between stunting and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) factors in Ethiopia, which is a relatively understudied context. The research draws upon baseline data for children under the age of five from 3200 households across four regions in Ethiopia as part of a wider study and integrated program led by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Using World Health Organization (WHO) z-scoring, the average stunting rate in the sample is 47.5%. This paper also takes into account demographic and social behavioural factors such as the age, gender of children, and gender of the primary caregiver, in addition to handwashing behaviour and drinking water facilities. The evidence recommends efforts to improve handwashing behaviour for mothers and children with a focus on access to clean water. Higher stunting rates with an increase in the age of children highlight the need for continued interventions, as efforts to improve nutrition and WASH behaviours are most effective early on in promoting long-term health outcomes for children.

Suggested Citation

  • Corina Shika Kwami & Samuel Godfrey & Hippolyte Gavilan & Monica Lakhanpaul & Priti Parikh, 2019. "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Linkages with Stunting in Rural Ethiopia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-21, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:20:p:3793-:d:274475
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/20/3793/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/20/3793/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. M. Arshad Mahmood, 2001. "Determinants of Growth Retardation in Pakistani Children under Five Years of Age," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 40(4), pages 1009-1031.
    2. Dean Spears & Arabinda Ghosh & Oliver Cumming, 2013. "Open Defecation and Childhood Stunting in India: An Ecological Analysis of New Data from 112 Districts," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(9), pages 1-1, September.
    3. Smith, Lisa C. & Khan, Faheem & Frankenberger, Timothy R. & Wadud, A.K.M. Abdul, 2013. "Admissible Evidence in the Court of Development Evaluation? The Impact of CARE’s SHOUHARDO Project on Child Stunting in Bangladesh," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 196-216.
    4. Smith, Lisa C. & Haddad, Lawrence, 2015. "Reducing Child Undernutrition: Past Drivers and Priorities for the Post-MDG Era," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 180-204.
    5. World Health Organisation (WHO), 2016. "Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Anaemia Policy Brief," Working Papers id:11295, eSocialSciences.
    6. International Food Policy Research Institute, 2016. "Global Food Policy Report 2016," Working Papers id:10538, eSocialSciences.
    7. World Health Organisation (WHO), 2016. "Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Stunting Policy Brief," Working Papers id:11294, eSocialSciences.
    8. International Food Policy Research Institute, 2015. "Global Nutrition Report Actions and Accountability to Advance Nutrition and Sustainable Development," Working Papers id:7543, eSocialSciences.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Mkupete Jaah Mkupete & Dieter Von Fintel & Ronelle Burger, 2022. "Decomposing inequality of opportunity in child health in Tanzania: The role of access to water and sanitation," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(11), pages 2465-2480, November.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Swaminathan, Harini & Sharma, Anurag & Shah, Narendra G., 2019. "Does the relationship between income and child health differ across income groups? Evidence from India," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 57-73.
    2. Hasina Rakotomanana & Joel J. Komakech & Christine N. Walters & Barbara J. Stoecker, 2020. "The WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) Indicators for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene and Their Association with Linear Growth in Children 6 to 23 Months in East Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-14, August.
    3. Mousumi Das & Ajay Sharma & Suresh Chandra Babu, 2018. "Pathways from agriculture-to-nutrition in India: implications for sustainable development goals," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 10(6), pages 1561-1576, December.
    4. Laviolette, Luc & Gopalan, Sudararajan & Elder, Leslie & Wouters, Olivier J., 2016. "Incentivizing nutrition: incentive mechanisms to accelerate improved nutrition outcomes," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 68710, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    5. Carly Nichols & Halie Kampman & Mara Bold, 2022. "Forging just dietary futures: bringing mainstream and critical nutrition into conversation," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 39(2), pages 633-644, June.
    6. Haroon JAMAL*, 2018. "EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOTHER'S EMPOWERMENT AND CHILD NUTRITIONAL STATUS: An Evidence from Pakistan," Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics, Applied Economics Research Centre, vol. 28(2), pages 189-211.
    7. Mkupete Jaah Mkupete & Dieter Von Fintel & Ronelle Burger, 2022. "Decomposing inequality of opportunity in child health in Tanzania: The role of access to water and sanitation," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(11), pages 2465-2480, November.
    8. Jamal, Haroon, 2018. "Mother‘s Empowerment and Child Malnutrition: Evidence from Pakistan," MPRA Paper 87949, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Palanisamy, Venkatesh & Vellaichamy, Sangeetha & Sendhil, R & Jha, Girish Kumar, 2021. "Does Food Security Influence the Nutritional Status in India? Empirical Evidences from State-Level Cross Sectional Study," 2021 Conference, August 17-31, 2021, Virtual 315230, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    10. Blesh, Jennifer & Hoey, Lesli & Jones, Andrew D. & Friedmann, Harriet & Perfecto, Ivette, 2019. "Development pathways toward “zero hunger”," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 1-14.
    11. Cut Novianti Rachmi & Kingsley Emwinyore Agho & Mu Li & Louise Alison Baur, 2017. "Are stunted young Indonesian children more likely to be overweight, thin, or have high blood pressure in adolescence?," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 62(1), pages 153-162, January.
    12. Genova, Christian A. & Umberger, Wendy J. & Newman, Suzie & Peralta, Alexandra, 2017. "To Market, to Market: Does Smallholder Vegetable Production Lead to Increased Children's Diet Diversity and Improved Diet Quality? Empirical Evidence from Northwest Vietnam," 2017 Annual Meeting, July 30-August 1, Chicago, Illinois 258366, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    13. Zanello, Giacomo & Shankar, Bhavani & Poole, Nigel, 2019. "Buy or make? Agricultural production diversity, markets and dietary diversity in Afghanistan," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 1-1.
    14. Maestre, Mar & Poole, Nigel & Henson, Spencer, 2017. "Assessing food value chain pathways, linkages and impacts for better nutrition of vulnerable groups," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 31-39.
    15. Gameli Adika, 2021. "HIV/AIDS and child malnutrition in eastern and southern Africa," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 33(1), pages 79-90, March.
    16. Mark E. McGovern & Aditi Krishna & Victor M. Aguayo & S.V. Subramanian, 2017. "A Review of the Evidence Linking Child Stunting to Economic Outcomes," CHaRMS Working Papers 17-03, Centre for HeAlth Research at the Management School (CHaRMS).
    17. Priniti Panday & Deanna Rackie & Maria Cornachione Kula, 2020. "The status of women and its influence on children’s well‐being: Do geography, religion and income matter? A comparative study," Development Policy Review, Overseas Development Institute, vol. 38(6), pages 766-782, November.
    18. Bianca Carducci & Christina Oh & Emily C Keats & Michelle F Gaffey & Daniel E Roth & Zulfiqar A Bhutta, 2018. "PROTOCOL: Impact of the food environment on diet‐related health outcomes in school‐age children and adolescents in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a systematic review," Campbell Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(1), pages 1-55.
    19. Díaz-Bonilla, Eugenio & Hepburn, Jonathan, 2016. "Trade, Food Security, and the 2030 Agenda," Agenda 2030 320097, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD).
    20. Derek Headey & David Stifel & Liangzhi You & Zhe Guo, 2018. "Remoteness, urbanization, and child nutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 49(6), pages 765-775, November.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:20:p:3793-:d:274475. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.