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NAFLD and Extra-Hepatic Comorbidities: Current Evidence on a Multi-Organ Metabolic Syndrome

Author

Listed:
  • Valerio Rosato

    (Internal Medicine and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy)

  • Mario Masarone

    (Internal Medicine and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy)

  • Marcello Dallio

    (Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Alessandro Federico

    (Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Andrea Aglitti

    (Internal Medicine and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy)

  • Marcello Persico

    (Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy)

Abstract

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and its incidence is definitely increasing. NAFLD is a metabolic disease with extensive multi-organ involvement, whose extra-hepatic manifestations include type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Recently, further evidence has given attention to pathological correlations not strictly related to metabolic disease, also incorporating in this broad spectrum of systemic involvement hypothyroidism, psoriasis, male sexual dysfunction, periodontitis, and urolithiasis. The most common cause of mortality in NAFLD is represented by cardiovascular disease, followed by liver-related complications. Therefore, clinicians should learn to screen and initiate treatment for these extra-hepatic manifestations, in order to provide appropriate multidisciplinary assessments and rigorous surveillance. This review evaluates the current evidence regarding extra-hepatic associations of NAFLD, focusing on the pathogenic hypothesis and the clinical implications.

Suggested Citation

  • Valerio Rosato & Mario Masarone & Marcello Dallio & Alessandro Federico & Andrea Aglitti & Marcello Persico, 2019. "NAFLD and Extra-Hepatic Comorbidities: Current Evidence on a Multi-Organ Metabolic Syndrome," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-26, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:18:p:3415-:d:267216
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Helle Krogh Pedersen & Valborg Gudmundsdottir & Henrik Bjørn Nielsen & Tuulia Hyotylainen & Trine Nielsen & Benjamin A. H. Jensen & Kristoffer Forslund & Falk Hildebrand & Edi Prifti & Gwen Falony & E, 2016. "Human gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin sensitivity," Nature, Nature, vol. 535(7612), pages 376-381, July.
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