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Personal NO 2 and Volatile Organic Compounds Exposure Levels are Associated with Markers of Cardiovascular Risk in Women in the Cape Town Region of South Africa

Author

Listed:
  • Frans Everson

    (Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa)

  • Patrick De Boever

    (Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
    Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium)

  • Tim S. Nawrot

    (Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium)

  • Nandu Goswami

    (Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center of Vascular Biology, Immunity and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria)

  • Mashudu Mthethwa

    (Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa)

  • Ingrid Webster

    (Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa)

  • Dries S. Martens

    (Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium)

  • Nyiko Mashele

    (Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa)

  • Sana Charania

    (Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa)

  • Festus Kamau

    (Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa)

  • Hans Strijdom

    (Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa)

Abstract

Exposure to ambient NO 2 and benzene, toluene ethyl-benzene and m+p- and o-xylenes (BTEX) is associated with adverse cardiovascular effects, but limited information is available on the effects of personal exposure to these compounds in South African populations. This 6-month follow-up study aims to determine 7-day personal ambient NO 2 and BTEX exposure levels via compact passive diffusion samplers in female participants from Cape Town, and investigate whether exposure levels are associated with cardiovascular risk markers. Overall, the measured air pollutant exposure levels were lower compared to international standards. NO 2 was positively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and inversely associated with the central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) and mean baseline brachial artery diameter. o-xylene was associated with DBP and benzene was strongly associated with carotid intima media thickness (cIMT). Our findings showed that personal air pollution exposure, even at relatively low levels, was associated with several markers of cardiovascular risk in women residing in the Cape Town region.

Suggested Citation

  • Frans Everson & Patrick De Boever & Tim S. Nawrot & Nandu Goswami & Mashudu Mthethwa & Ingrid Webster & Dries S. Martens & Nyiko Mashele & Sana Charania & Festus Kamau & Hans Strijdom, 2019. "Personal NO 2 and Volatile Organic Compounds Exposure Levels are Associated with Markers of Cardiovascular Risk in Women in the Cape Town Region of South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-18, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:13:p:2284-:d:243657
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Eric Coker & Samuel Kizito, 2018. "A Narrative Review on the Human Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Urgent Need for Health Effects Studies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-15, March.
    2. Kirk R. Smith, 2003. "Indoor Air Pollution," World Bank Publications - Reports 9723, The World Bank Group.
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