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The Adverse Effects of Air Pollution on the Eye: A Review

Author

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  • Chia-Ching Lin

    (Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
    Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan)

  • Chien-Chih Chiu

    (Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
    Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
    Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan)

  • Po-Yen Lee

    (Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
    Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan)

  • Kuo-Jen Chen

    (Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan)

  • Chen-Xi He

    (Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan)

  • Sheng-Kai Hsu

    (Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan)

  • Kai-Chun Cheng

    (Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
    Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
    Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan)

Abstract

Air pollution is inevitably the result of human civilization, industrialization, and globalization. It is composed of a mixture of gases and particles at harmful levels. Particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon dioxides (CO 2 ) are mainly generated from vehicle emissions and fuel consumption and are the main materials causing outdoor air pollution. Exposure to polluted outdoor air has been proven to be harmful to human eyes. On the other hand, indoor air pollution from environmental tobacco smoking, heating, cooking, or poor indoor ventilation is also related to several eye diseases, including conjunctivitis, glaucoma, cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In the past 30 years, no updated review has provided an overview of the impact of air pollution on the eye. We reviewed reports on air pollution and eye diseases in the last three decades in the PubMed database, Medline databases, and Google Scholar and discussed the effect of various outdoor and indoor pollutants on human eyes.

Suggested Citation

  • Chia-Ching Lin & Chien-Chih Chiu & Po-Yen Lee & Kuo-Jen Chen & Chen-Xi He & Sheng-Kai Hsu & Kai-Chun Cheng, 2022. "The Adverse Effects of Air Pollution on the Eye: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-14, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:3:p:1186-:d:730168
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kirk R. Smith, 2003. "Indoor Air Pollution," World Bank Publications - Reports 9723, The World Bank Group.
    2. Sheila K. West & Michael N. Bates & Jennifer S. Lee & Debra A. Schaumberg & David J. Lee & Heather Adair-Rohani & Dong Feng Chen & Houmam Araj, 2013. "Is Household Air Pollution a Risk Factor for Eye Disease?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-21, October.
    3. Marc Veldhoen & Keiji Hirota & Astrid M. Westendorf & Jan Buer & Laure Dumoutier & Jean-Christophe Renauld & Brigitta Stockinger, 2008. "The aryl hydrocarbon receptor links TH17-cell-mediated autoimmunity to environmental toxins," Nature, Nature, vol. 453(7191), pages 106-109, May.
    4. Jia-Yu Zhong & Yuan-Chieh Lee & Chia-Jung Hsieh & Chun-Chieh Tseng & Lih-Ming Yiin, 2018. "Association between Dry Eye Disease, Air Pollution and Weather Changes in Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-10, October.
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    Cited by:

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