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Social Frailty Leads to the Development of Physical Frailty among Physically Non-Frail Adults: A Four-Year Follow-Up Longitudinal Cohort Study

Author

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  • Hyuma Makizako

    (Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
    Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan)

  • Hiroyuki Shimada

    (Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan)

  • Takehiko Doi

    (Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan)

  • Kota Tsutsumimoto

    (Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan)

  • Ryo Hotta

    (Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan)

  • Sho Nakakubo

    (Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan)

  • Keitaro Makino

    (Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan)

  • Sangyoon Lee

    (Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan)

Abstract

Social frailty domains may play an important role in preventing physical decline and disability. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of social frailty as a risk factor for the future development of physical frailty among community-dwelling older adults who are not yet physically frail. A total of 1226 physically non-frail older adults were analyzed to provide a baseline. Participants completed a longitudinal assessment of their physical frailty 48 months later. Their baseline social frailty was determined based on their responses to five questions, which identified participants who went out less frequently, rarely visited friends, felt less like helping friends or family, lived alone and did not talk to another person every day. Participants with none of these characteristics were considered not to be socially frail; those with one characteristic were considered socially pre-frail; and those with two or more characteristics were considered socially frail. At the four-year follow-up assessment, 24 participants (2.0%) had developed physical frailty and 440 (35.9%) had developed physical pre-frailty. The rates of developing physical frailty and pre-frailty were 1.6% and 34.2%, respectively, in the socially non-frail group; 2.4% and 38.8%, respectively, in the socially pre-frail group; and 6.8% and 54.5%, respectively, in the socially frail group. Participants classified as socially frail at the baseline had an increased risk of developing physical frailty, compared with participants who were not socially frail (OR = 3.93, 95% CI = 1.02–15.15). Participants who were socially frail at the baseline also had an increased risk of developing physical pre-frailty (OR = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.30–4.80). Among independent community-dwelling older adults who are not physically frail, those who are socially frail may be at greater risk of developing physical frailty in the near future. Social frailty may precede (and lead to the development of) physical frailty.

Suggested Citation

  • Hyuma Makizako & Hiroyuki Shimada & Takehiko Doi & Kota Tsutsumimoto & Ryo Hotta & Sho Nakakubo & Keitaro Makino & Sangyoon Lee, 2018. "Social Frailty Leads to the Development of Physical Frailty among Physically Non-Frail Adults: A Four-Year Follow-Up Longitudinal Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-9, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:3:p:490-:d:135726
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Ah Ram Jang & Ju Young Yoon, 2021. "Multilevel Factors Associated with Frailty among the Rural Elderly in Korea Based on the Ecological Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-14, April.
    3. Hyungchul Park & Il-Young Jang & Hea yon Lee & Hee-Won Jung & Eunju Lee & Dae Hyun Kim, 2019. "Screening Value of Social Frailty and Its Association with Physical Frailty and Disability in Community-Dwelling Older Koreans: Aging Study of PyeongChang Rural Area," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-11, August.
    4. Motoaki Takamura & Toshimasa Sone & Takayuki Kawamura & Reiko Suzuki & Nobuaki Moriyama & Seiji Yasumura, 2021. "A Cross-Sectional Study on the Characteristics of Physical Activity in Pre-Frail Older Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-11, November.
    5. Ryo Komatsu & Koutatsu Nagai & Yoko Hasegawa & Kazuki Okuda & Yuto Okinaka & Yosuke Wada & Shotaro Tsuji & Kayoko Tamaki & Hiroshi Kusunoki & Hiromitsu Kishimoto & Ken Shinmura, 2021. "Association between Physical Frailty Subdomains and Oral Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-9, March.
    6. Masafumi Itokazu & Masahiro Ishizaka & Yoshikazu Uchikawa & Yoshiaki Takahashi & Takahiro Niida & Tamaki Hirose & Akihiro Ito & Akihiro Yakabi & Yoshiaki Endo & Yohei Sawaya & Tatsuya Igawa & Kaoru Ko, 2022. "Relationship between Eye Frailty and Physical, Social, and Psychological/Cognitive Weaknesses among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-10, October.
    7. Akira Teramura & Yumi Kimura & Kosuke Hamada & Yasuko Ishimoto & Masato Kawamori, 2021. "COVID-19-Related Lifestyle Changes among Community-Dwelling Older Adult Day-Care Users: A Qualitative Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-11, December.
    8. Hana Ko & SuJung Jung, 2021. "Association of Social Frailty with Physical Health, Cognitive Function, Psychological Health, and Life Satisfaction in Community-Dwelling Older Koreans," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-9, January.
    9. Hana Ko, 2021. "Daily Time Use by Activity of Community-Dwelling Older Koreans: Focus on Health Management," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-12, February.
    10. Iria Dobarrio-Sanz & Crístofer Ruiz-González & Cayetano Fernández-Sola & Pablo Roman & José Granero-Molina & Jose Manuel Hernández-Padilla, 2021. "Healthcare Professionals’ Perceptions of Loneliness amongst Older Adults: A Qualitative Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-14, November.
    11. Rossella Miglio & Chiara Puglisi & Rosella Rettaroli & Giulia Roli & Francesco Scalone, 2024. "Frailty in Europe: the role of social networks and activity participation," RIEDS - Rivista Italiana di Economia, Demografia e Statistica - The Italian Journal of Economic, Demographic and Statistical Studies, SIEDS Societa' Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica, vol. 78(2), pages 185-196, April-Jun.
    12. Yuki Nakai & Hyuma Makizako & Ryoji Kiyama & Kazutoshi Tomioka & Yoshiaki Taniguchi & Takuro Kubozono & Toshihiro Takenaka & Mitsuru Ohishi, 2019. "Association between Chronic Pain and Physical Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-9, April.
    13. Young Ko & Kyounga Lee, 2022. "Social Frailty and Health-Related Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Older Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-11, May.

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