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Assessment of Vulnerability to Coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California

Author

Listed:
  • Jennifer Shriber

    (Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

  • Kathryn C. Conlon

    (Climate and Health Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA)

  • Kaitlin Benedict

    (Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, GA 30333, USA)

  • Orion Z. McCotter

    (Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, GA 30333, USA)

  • Jesse E. Bell

    (Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
    Climate and Health Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
    North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, Asheville, NC 28801, USA)

Abstract

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection endemic to the southwestern United States, particularly Arizona and California. Its incidence has increased, potentially due in part to the effects of changing climatic variables on fungal growth and spore dissemination. This study aims to quantify the county-level vulnerability to coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California and to assess the relationships between population vulnerability and climate variability. The variables representing exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity were combined to calculate county level vulnerability indices. Three methods were used: (1) principal components analysis; (2) quartile weighting; and (3) percentile weighting. Two sets of indices, “unsupervised” and “supervised”, were created. Each index was correlated with coccidioidomycosis incidence data from 2000–2014. The supervised percentile index had the highest correlation; it was then correlated with variability measures for temperature, precipitation, and drought. The supervised percentile index was significantly correlated ( p < 0.05) with coccidioidomycosis incidence in both states. Moderate, positive significant associations ( p < 0.05) were found between index scores and climate variability when both states were concurrently analyzed and when California was analyzed separately. This research adds to the body of knowledge that could be used to target interventions to vulnerable counties and provides support for the hypothesis that population vulnerability to coccidioidomycosis is associated with climate variability.

Suggested Citation

  • Jennifer Shriber & Kathryn C. Conlon & Kaitlin Benedict & Orion Z. McCotter & Jesse E. Bell, 2017. "Assessment of Vulnerability to Coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-16, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:7:p:680-:d:102407
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yang Zhou & Ning Li & Wenxiang Wu & Jidong Wu & Peijun Shi, 2014. "Local Spatial and Temporal Factors Influencing Population and Societal Vulnerability to Natural Disasters," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 34(4), pages 614-639, April.
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    3. James D Tamerius & Andrew C Comrie, 2011. "Coccidioidomycosis Incidence in Arizona Predicted by Seasonal Precipitation," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(6), pages 1-7, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Michael T. Schmeltz & Peter J. Marcotullio, 2019. "Examination of Human Health Impacts Due to Adverse Climate Events Through the Use of Vulnerability Mapping: A Scoping Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-19, August.
    2. Babak Jalalzadeh Fard & Jagadeesh Puvvula & Jesse E. Bell, 2022. "Evaluating Changes in Health Risk from Drought over the Contiguous United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-16, April.
    3. Kenneth J. Tobin & Sugam Pokharel & Marvin E. Bennett, 2022. "Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever), Soil Moisture, and El Nino Southern Oscillation in California and Arizona," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-13, June.

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