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Exploring Determinants of Handwashing with Soap in Indonesia: A Quantitative Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Mitsuaki Hirai

    (Milken Institute School of Public Health at the George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA)

  • Jay P. Graham

    (Milken Institute School of Public Health at the George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA)

  • Kay D. Mattson

    (Independent Consultant, Albany, OR 97321, USA)

  • Andrea Kelsey

    (Milken Institute School of Public Health at the George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA)

  • Supriya Mukherji

    (United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Jakarta 12920, Indonesia)

  • Aidan A. Cronin

    (United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Jakarta 12920, Indonesia)

Abstract

Handwashing with soap is recognized as a cost-effective intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with enteric and respiratory infections. This study analyzes rural Indonesian households’ hygiene behaviors and attitudes to examine how motivations for handwashing, locations of handwashing space in the household, and handwashing moments are associated with handwashing with soap as potential determinants of the behavior. The analysis was conducted using results from a UNICEF cross-sectional study of 1700 households in six districts across three provinces of Indonesia. A composite measure of handwashing with soap was developed that included self-reported handwashing, a handwashing demonstration, and observed handwashing materials and location of facilities in the home. Prevalence ratios were calculated to analyze associations between handwashing with soap and hypothesized determinants of the behavior. Our results showed that determinants that had a significant association with handwashing with soap included: (1) a desire to smell nice; (2) interpersonal influences; (3) the presence of handwashing places within 10 paces of the kitchen and the toilet; and (4) key handwashing moments when hands felt dirty, including after eating and after cleaning child stools. This study concludes that handwashing with soap may be more effectively promoted through the use of non-health messages.

Suggested Citation

  • Mitsuaki Hirai & Jay P. Graham & Kay D. Mattson & Andrea Kelsey & Supriya Mukherji & Aidan A. Cronin, 2016. "Exploring Determinants of Handwashing with Soap in Indonesia: A Quantitative Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-15, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:13:y:2016:i:9:p:868-:d:77231
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sifat Rabbi & Nepal C Dey, 2013. "Exploring the gap between hand washing knowledge and practices in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional comparative study," Working Papers id:5257, eSocialSciences.
    2. Eric C Strunz & David G Addiss & Meredith E Stocks & Stephanie Ogden & Jürg Utzinger & Matthew C Freeman, 2014. "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(3), pages 1-38, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. D. Daniel, 2021. "Contextual Determinants of General Household Hygiene Conditions in Rural Indonesia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-15, October.
    2. Carmen Anthonj & Lisa Fleming & Samuel Godfrey & Argaw Ambelu & Jane Bevan & Ryan Cronk & Jamie Bartram, 2018. "Health Risk Perceptions Are Associated with Domestic Use of Basic Water and Sanitation Services—Evidence from Rural Ethiopia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-19, September.
    3. Anna N. Chard & Matthew C. Freeman, 2018. "Design, Intervention Fidelity, and Behavioral Outcomes of a School-Based Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Cluster-Randomized Trial in Laos," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-17, March.
    4. Xuyu Chen & Li Ran & Qing Liu & Qikai Hu & Xueying Du & Xiaodong Tan, 2020. "Hand Hygiene, Mask-Wearing Behaviors and Its Associated Factors during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Cross-Sectional Study among Primary School Students in Wuhan, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-11, April.
    5. Chang Sun & Qingzhi Wang & Sasmita Poudel Adhikari & Ruixue Ye & Sha Meng & Yuju Wu & Yuping Mao & Hein Raat & Huan Zhou, 2019. "Correlates of School Children’s Handwashing: A Study in Tibetan Primary Schools," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-12, September.

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