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Environmental Drivers of West Nile Fever Epidemiology in Europe and Western Asia—A Review

Author

Listed:
  • Shlomit Paz

    (Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498837, Israel
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Jan C. Semenza

    (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Tomtebodavägen 11A, Stockholm 17183, Sweden
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

Abiotic and biotic conditions are both important determinants of West Nile Fever (WNF) epidemiology. Ambient temperature plays an important role in the growth rates of vector populations, the interval between blood meals, viral replication rates and transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV). The contribution of precipitation is more complex and less well understood. In this paper we discuss impacts of climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, precipitation) and other environmental drivers (such as bird migration, land use) on WNV transmission in Europe. WNV recently became established in southeastern Europe, with a large outbreak in the summer of 2010 and recurrent outbreaks in 2011 and 2012. Abundant competent mosquito vectors, bridge vectors, infected (viremic) migrating and local (amplifying) birds are all important characteristics of WNV transmission. In addition, certain key climatic factors, such as increased ambient temperatures, and by extension climate change, may also favor WNF transmission, and they should be taken into account when evaluating the risk of disease spread in the coming years. Monitoring epidemic precursors of WNF, such as significant temperature deviations in high risk areas, could be used to trigger vector control programs and public education campaigns.

Suggested Citation

  • Shlomit Paz & Jan C. Semenza, 2013. "Environmental Drivers of West Nile Fever Epidemiology in Europe and Western Asia—A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-20, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:10:y:2013:i:8:p:3543-3562:d:27892
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kristie Ebi & Elisabet Lindgren & Jonathan Suk & Jan Semenza, 2013. "Adaptation to the infectious disease impacts of climate change," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 118(2), pages 355-365, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Maya Negev & Shlomit Paz & Alexandra Clermont & Noemie Groag Pri-Or & Uri Shalom & Tamar Yeger & Manfred S. Green, 2015. "Impacts of Climate Change on Vector Borne Diseases in the Mediterranean Basin — Implications for Preparedness and Adaptation Policy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-26, June.
    2. Diana Erazo & Luke Grant & Guillaume Ghisbain & Giovanni Marini & Felipe J. Colón-González & William Wint & Annapaola Rizzoli & Wim Van Bortel & Chantal B. F. Vogels & Nathan D. Grubaugh & Matthias Me, 2024. "Contribution of climate change to the spatial expansion of West Nile virus in Europe," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-10, December.
    3. Marieta Braks & Rijk Van Ginkel & William Wint & Luigi Sedda & Hein Sprong, 2013. "Climate Change and Public Health Policy: Translating the Science," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-17, December.
    4. Johnny A. Uelmen & Charles Brokopp & Jonathan Patz, 2020. "A 15 Year Evaluation of West Nile Virus in Wisconsin: Effects on Wildlife and Human Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-24, March.
    5. Mircea Coroian & Mina Petrić & Adriana Pistol & Anca Sirbu & Cristian Domșa & Andrei Daniel Mihalca, 2020. "Human West Nile Meningo-Encephalitis in a Highly Endemic Country: A Complex Epidemiological Analysis on Biotic and Abiotic Risk Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-15, November.
    6. Jan C. Semenza, 2015. "Prototype Early Warning Systems for Vector-Borne Diseases in Europe," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-19, June.

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