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Enable Fair Proof-of-Work (PoW) Consensus for Blockchains in IoT by Miner Twins (MinT)

Author

Listed:
  • Qian Qu

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA)

  • Ronghua Xu

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA)

  • Yu Chen

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA)

  • Erik Blasch

    (The U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, NY 13441, USA)

  • Alexander Aved

    (The U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, NY 13441, USA)

Abstract

Blockchain technology has been recognized as a promising solution to enhance the security and privacy of Internet of Things (IoT) and Edge Computing scenarios. Taking advantage of the Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus protocol, which solves a computation intensive hashing puzzle, Blockchain ensures the security of the system by establishing a digital ledger. However, the computation intensive PoW favors members possessing more computing power. In the IoT paradigm, fairness in the highly heterogeneous network edge environments must consider devices with various constraints on computation power. Inspired by the advanced features of Digital Twins (DT), an emerging concept that mirrors the lifespan and operational characteristics of physical objects, we propose a novel Miner Twins (MinT) architecture to enable a fair PoW consensus mechanism for blockchains in IoT environments. MinT adopts an edge-fog-cloud hierarchy. All physical miners of the blockchain are deployed as microservices on distributed edge devices, while fog/cloud servers maintain digital twins that periodically update miners’ running status. By timely monitoring of a miner’s footprint that is mirrored by twins, a lightweight Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA)-based detection achieves the identification of individual misbehaved miners that violate fair mining. Moreover, we also design a novel Proof-of-Behavior (PoB) consensus algorithm to detect dishonest miners that collude to control a fair mining network. A preliminary study is conducted on a proof-of-concept prototype implementation, and experimental evaluation shows the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed MinT scheme under a distributed byzantine network environment.

Suggested Citation

  • Qian Qu & Ronghua Xu & Yu Chen & Erik Blasch & Alexander Aved, 2021. "Enable Fair Proof-of-Work (PoW) Consensus for Blockchains in IoT by Miner Twins (MinT)," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jftint:v:13:y:2021:i:11:p:291-:d:682858
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hassani, Hossein, 2007. "Singular Spectrum Analysis: Methodology and Comparison," MPRA Paper 4991, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ali Khosravi & Fanni Säämäki, 2023. "Beyond Bitcoin: Evaluating Energy Consumption and Environmental Impact across Cryptocurrency Projects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-23, September.

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