IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v8y2015i12p12421-14167d60680.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimal Design of an Axial-Flux Permanent-Magnet Middle Motor Integrated in a Cycloidal Reducer for a Pedal Electric Cycle

Author

Listed:
  • Yee-Pien Yang

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Jia-Ming Jiang

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

This paper proposes an optimal design of a middle motor integrated into a mid-drive unit for pedal electric cycles. This middle motor is an axial-flux permanent magnet brushless DC motor with a stator plate. Facing this plate is a rotor plate that acts as an eccentric component of a cycloidal reducer next to the stator. Both the middle motor and cycloidal reducer are easily installed on the same axle of the bike crankset. In the preliminary design, driving requirements are used to make the middle motor specifications. The numbers of stator slots and magnet poles on the rotor were chosen to achieve the best winding factor, and the winding layout was determined accordingly. A one-dimensional magnetic circuit model of the middle motor was built, and its shape was optimized utilizing a multifunctional optimization system tool. Finally, the resulting design was verified and refined by a finite element analysis. A prototype of the middle motor was fabricated with a stator made of a soft magnetic composite and integrated with a cycloidal reducer. Experimental results show that the motor has a sinusoidal back electromotive force. Additionally, it is easily controlled by sinusoidal currents with acceptable torque and speed curves.

Suggested Citation

  • Yee-Pien Yang & Jia-Ming Jiang, 2015. "Optimal Design of an Axial-Flux Permanent-Magnet Middle Motor Integrated in a Cycloidal Reducer for a Pedal Electric Cycle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-17, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:8:y:2015:i:12:p:12421-14167:d:60680
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/8/12/12421/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/8/12/12421/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Geoffrey Rose, 2012. "E-bikes and urban transportation: emerging issues and unresolved questions," Transportation, Springer, vol. 39(1), pages 81-96, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ziwen Ling & Christopher R. Cherry & John H. MacArthur & Jonathan X. Weinert, 2017. "Differences of Cycling Experiences and Perceptions between E-Bike and Bicycle Users in the United States," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-18, September.
    2. Synek, Stefan & Koenigstorfer, Joerg, 2018. "Exploring adoption determinants of tax-subsidized company-leasing bicycles from the perspective of German employers and employees," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 238-260.
    3. Tuğba Yeğin & Muhammad Ikram, 2022. "Analysis of Consumers’ Electric Vehicle Purchase Intentions: An Expansion of the Theory of Planned Behavior," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-27, September.
    4. Thomas, Alainna, 2016. "A More Sustainable Minivan? An Exploratory Study of Electric Bicycle Use by San Francisco Bay Area Families," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt6g79m3xx, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    5. Wafa Elias & Victoria Gitelman, 2018. "Youngsters’ Opinions and Attitudes toward the Use of Electric Bicycles in Israel," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-16, November.
    6. Paul Plazier & Gerd Weitkamp & Agnes van den Berg, 2023. "E-bikes in rural areas: current and potential users in the Netherlands," Transportation, Springer, vol. 50(4), pages 1449-1470, August.
    7. Jibiao Zhou & Tao Zheng & Sheng Dong & Xinhua Mao & Changxi Ma, 2022. "Impact of Helmet-Wearing Policy on E-Bike Safety Riding Behavior: A Bivariate Ordered Probit Analysis in Ningbo, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-21, February.
    8. Jurgis Zagorskas & Marija Burinskienė, 2019. "Challenges Caused by Increased Use of E-Powered Personal Mobility Vehicles in European Cities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-13, December.
    9. G. Marletto, 2013. "Car and the city: Socio-technical pathways to 2030," Working Paper CRENoS 201306, Centre for North South Economic Research, University of Cagliari and Sassari, Sardinia.
    10. Jadwiga Biegańska & Elżbieta Grzelak-Kostulska & Michał Adam Kwiatkowski, 2021. "A Typology of Attitudes towards the E-Bike against the Background of the Traditional Bicycle and the Car," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-21, December.
    11. Sarmad Zaman Rajper & Johan Albrecht, 2020. "Prospects of Electric Vehicles in the Developing Countries: A Literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-19, March.
    12. Jin, Sheng & Qu, Xiaobo & Zhou, Dan & Xu, Cheng & Ma, Dongfang & Wang, Dianhai, 2015. "Estimating cycleway capacity and bicycle equivalent unit for electric bicycles," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 225-248.
    13. Wells, Peter & Lin, Xiao, 2015. "Spontaneous emergence versus technology management in sustainable mobility transitions: Electric bicycles in China," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 371-383.
    14. Georgia Apostolou & Angèle Reinders & Karst Geurs, 2018. "An Overview of Existing Experiences with Solar-Powered E-Bikes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-20, August.
    15. Sylwia Agata Bęczkowska & Iwona Grabarek & Zuzanna Zysk & Katarzyna Gosek-Ferenc, 2022. "Physical Activity and Ecological Means of Transport—Functional Assessment Methodology," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-15, July.
    16. van Lierop, D. & Soemers, J. & Hoeke, L. & Liu, G. & Chen, Z. & Ettema, D. & Kruijf, J., 2020. "Wayfinding for cycle highways: Assessing e-bike users' experiences with wayfinding along a cycle highway in the Netherlands," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    17. José Castillo-Manzano & Antonio Sánchez-Braza, 2013. "Managing a smart bicycle system when demand outstrips supply: the case of the university community in Seville," Transportation, Springer, vol. 40(2), pages 459-477, February.
    18. Nosratzadeh, Hossein & Bhowmick, Debjit & Carmona, Ana Belén Ríos & Thompson, Jason & Thai, Thao & Pearson, Lauren & Beck, Ben, 2024. "A scoping review of the design and characteristics of e-bike financial incentives," OSF Preprints 5xgch, Center for Open Science.
    19. Laa, Barbara & Leth, Ulrich, 2020. "Survey of E-scooter users in Vienna: Who they are and how they ride," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    20. Ni, Ying & Li, Yixin & Yuan, Yufei & Sun, Jian, 2023. "An operational simulation framework for modelling the multi-interaction of two-wheelers on mixed-traffic road segments," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 611(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:8:y:2015:i:12:p:12421-14167:d:60680. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.