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Validation of a Heat Pump System Model for Energy Recycling in Grocery Stores Through On-Site Energy Monitoring

Author

Listed:
  • Niklas Söderholm

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
    Granlund Oy, Malminkaari 21, 00701 Helsinki, Finland)

  • Mikko Gröndahl

    (Granlund Oy, Malminkaari 21, 00701 Helsinki, Finland)

  • Tuomo Niemelä

    (Granlund Oy, Malminkaari 21, 00701 Helsinki, Finland)

  • Juha Jokisalo

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland)

  • Risto Kosonen

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
    College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China)

  • Long Ni

    (School of Architecture and Design, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China)

Abstract

This paper presents a validated simulation model for heat pump-based energy recycling systems, with a focus on heat recovery applications in grocery stores. Heat is recovered through heat pumps from a subcritical CO 2 -based refrigeration system, with exhaust air heat recovery used on demand according to the heating demand. The model is validated through a case study on a Finnish hypermarket-sized grocery store, where the heat pump system has been operational since 2020. Multi-objective energy optimization is used to validate the model by estimating critical decision variable values and providing error estimates compared to the measured data. The calibrated energy system model has a maximum mean bias error, MBE, of ±5% and a 10–15% coefficient of variation of root mean squared error, CV(RMSE), for the heat pump-related energy balance. Energy optimizations indicate that the control algorithm of the investigated heat pump system can be enhanced to reduce district heating consumption by 12%. The study emphasizes the need for numerous input parameters tailored to a system-specific layout to accurately reproduce the heat pump system’s control algorithm. Compared to a typical transcritical CO 2 booster system with heat recovery, the novel heat recovery system shows superior heat recovery potential and a high total COP for both heating and cooling.

Suggested Citation

  • Niklas Söderholm & Mikko Gröndahl & Tuomo Niemelä & Juha Jokisalo & Risto Kosonen & Long Ni, 2025. "Validation of a Heat Pump System Model for Energy Recycling in Grocery Stores Through On-Site Energy Monitoring," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-26, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:4:p:1003-:d:1594573
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kauko, Hanne & Kvalsvik, Karoline Husevåg & Rohde, Daniel & Nord, Natasa & Utne, Åmund, 2018. "Dynamic modeling of local district heating grids with prosumers: A case study for Norway," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 261-271.
    2. Thomaßen, Georg & Kavvadias, Konstantinos & Jiménez Navarro, Juan Pablo, 2021. "The decarbonisation of the EU heating sector through electrification: A parametric analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 148(PA).
    3. Clauß, John & Georges, Laurent, 2019. "Model complexity of heat pump systems to investigate the building energy flexibility and guidelines for model implementation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
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